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Module 3
Heme 1 -- Chapter 9 Blood System Test Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hematology | Study of blood and blood-forming tissue. |
| Hematologist | Medical specialist in the study of hematology. |
| Blood is what type of tissue? | Connective tissue because it connects to all body systems. |
| What is blood composed of? | Plasma (straw-colored fluid), Formed elements (cells and cell fragments) and Series of cell types with different functions. |
| Total blood volume in average adult: | Males -- 5 to 6 liters; Females -- 4 to 5 liters |
| Plasma | Liquid portion of blood (straw-colored fluid; whole blood minus formed elements). |
| What does plasma do? | Transports cellular elements (solid components) throughout the circulatory system. |
| Plasma is 90% _________ and 10% ______. | 90% Water (H2O) and 10% Solutes |
| Solutes found in plasma are | Electrolytes (raw sodium); Proteins (made of 4 amino acids); Fats (raw form of 9 lipids); Glucose (sugar); Bilirubin (from bile); and Gases (O2 and CO2). |
| Which are the most abundant solutes? | Plasma proteins manufactured by the liver and grouped into 3 classes: Albumins; Globulins; and Fibrinogens. |
| Albumins | Constitute 60% of all plasma proteins and maintain normal blood volume and blood pressure. |
| Globulins | Constitute 36% of all plasma proteins and have 3 types: Alpha and Beta Globulins (both serve as transport for lipids and fat soluble vitamins; Gamma Globulins (serve as antibodies for immunity). |
| Fibrinogens | Constitute 4% of all plasma proteins and are the largest of all plasma proteins. Essential for normal clotting. |
| Hemopoiesis | Production of formed elements in the blood. |
| Hemocytoblasts | Immature Blood Cells that develop from Undifferentiated stage; as they develop they go through Differentiation process and have a specialized function. |
| Erythrocytes | Red Blood Cells (RBCs) with biconcave shape and no nucleus to allow for greatest surface area for bonding with O2. |
| Mature RBCs | Do not have a nucleus and have avg lifespan of 120 days. Main function is to transport O2; once released then absorbs CO2 (metabolic waste product) and returns to lungs to release through exhalation. |
| Hemoglobin | Main component of RBCs consisting of Iron (heme) and Protein (globin). |
| Oxyhemoglobin | When hemoglobin bonds to O2. |
| Deoxyhemoglobin | When hemoglobin bonds to CO2. |
| Normal range of Red Blood Cells (RBCs): | Males -- 4.5 to 6 million per cubic millimeter; Females -- 4.8 to 6 million per cubic millimeter |
| Leukocytes | White Blood Cells (WBCs); larger than RBCs and fewer in numbers. Mature WBCs do not lose nucleus and have no hemoglobin. |
| There are 5 types of WBCs grouped into the following 2 categories: | 1. Granulocytes (with granules -- phils); 2. Agranulocytes (without granules -- cytes) |
| Granulocytes | 1. Neutrophils (phagocytic and destroy/engulf bacteria); 2. Basophils (secrete histamines during allergic reaction) and 3. Eosinophils (increase in numbers in response to allergic reaction) |
| Agranulocytes | 1. Monocytes (phagocytic and destroy/engulf bacteria); 2. Lymphocytes (can be either phagocytic or produce antibodies that will destroy the bacteria) |
| Thrombocytes (aka Platelets) | Small disc-shaped fragments of very large cells (megakaryocytes); are essential for normal clotting and contain no hemoglobin. |
| Average platelet count | 250,000 to 500,000 platelets per cubic millimeter of blood. |
| Antigen | Substance present ON the RBC that can stimulate the body to make antibodies. |
| Antibody | Substance present IN the PLASMA that reacts in some way with the antigen that stimulated its formation. |
| Agglutination | Combination of antigen and antibody that can cause abnormal clotting of red blood cells. |
| Coagulation | Clotting to plug ruptured vessels and stop bleeding. |
| 5 Steps necessary for proper clotting: | 1. Thromboplastin (enzyme); 2. Prothrombin (blood protein); 3. Thrombin (active enzyme); 4. Fibrinogen (blood protein); 5. Fibrin (mesh for clotting) |
| Thrombus | Formed clot that stays in vessel. |
| Thrombosis | Condition in which a clot develops. |
| Embolism | Abnormal circulatory condition when the formed clot dislodges and travels througout the bloodstream. |
| Embolus | Dislodged clot -- in addition to blood clot it can be small bit of fatty tissue or air that gets lodged in a vessel. |
| Blood Types (4) | A (Anti-B); B (Anti-A); AB (Anti A and B); O (not Anti anything) |
| rH Factor | Negative (-) can give to any blood type since it does not have antibodies; but Positive (+) can only give to Positive (+) because it does have antibodies. |
| True Universal Receiver | AB+ |
| True Universal Donor | O- |
Created by:
monkmaroni
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