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A&P 1 - Final Review
Chapters 6, 7, 10, 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| smallest and most numerous structural unit | cells |
| study of cells | cytology |
| surrounds and protects the cell | cell membrane |
| control center of the cell | nucleous |
| material outside the nucleous | cytoplasm |
| prime source of energy for the cell | mitochondria |
| groups of cells form | tissues |
| groups of tissues form | organs |
| groups of organs form | systems |
| four types of tissue found in the body | epithial;connective;muscle;nervous |
| study of tissues | hystology |
| covers internal and external organs | epithealial tissue ; intestines |
| supports and connects tissues, organs and other body parts | connective tissue; cartilage |
| flex and contracts, includes smooth, skeletal and cardiac | muscle tissue |
| relays information throughout the body | nervous tissue |
| 12 body systems | muscular; endocrine; lymphatic; integumentary;nervous; skeletal; cardiac; reproductive; urinary; digestive; special senses |
| body erect, eyes forward and palms facing outward is referred to as | anatomical position |
| vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions | frontal/coronal plane |
| horizontal cross section dividing the body into superior and inferior portions | transverse/horizontal plane |
| vertical pland that divides the body into left and right portions | midsaggital plane |
| cavity that contains lungs, heart, aorta, esophagus and trachea | thoracic cavity |
| cavity that contains liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, pancreas, intestines and kidneys | abdominal cavity |
| cavity that contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs | pelvic cavity |
| cavity that contains the brain | cranial cavity |
| cavity that contains the nerves of the spinal cord | spinal cavity |
| the abdomen in divided into these | RUQ;LUQ;RLQ;LLQ |
| vertebrae of the neck | cervical; C1-C7 |
| vertebrae of the chest | thoracic; T1-T12 |
| vertebrae of the lower back | lumbar; L1-L5 |
| five bones fused together, found after the lumbar region | sacral |
| 4 bones fused together, also known as the tailbone | coccyx |
| toward the front of the body | anterior |
| the back of the body | posterior |
| towards the head | superior/cranial |
| towards the feet | inferior/caudal |
| midline of the body | median |
| away from the midline of the body, on the side | lateral |
| close to the origin of the body part or near the point of attachment | proximal |
| farther from the origin of the body or away from the point of attachment | distal |
| at the body surface | superficial |
| pertaining to palm of the hand | palmar |
| pertaining to the sole of the foot | plantar |
| moving away from midline | abduction |
| moving toward midline | adduction |
| pertaining to the outer wall of the body | parietal |
| pertaining to the internal organs or viscera | visceral |
| turning a body part inward | inversion |
| turning a body part outward | eversion |
| lying flat on the back, legs straight, arms at side | supine |
| lying face down on the abdomen, legs straight, arms at side | prone |
| region of the abdomen located between the hypochondriac region in the upper section of the abdomen | epigastric region |
| region of the abdomen located in the center between the lumbar regions | umbilical region |
| region of the abdomen located in the lower portion of the abdomen between the inguinal regions | hypogastric region |
| human skeleton consists of how many bones? | 206 |
| doctor who specializes is diseases and disorders of the bones and muscles | orthopedist |
| main shaft like portion of the long bone | diaphysis |
| located at the end of a long bone | epiphysis |
| layer of cartilage that allows bone to grow length wise | epiphyseal line |
| fibrous membrane that covers the long bone | periosteum |
| covers joint surfaces | articular cartilage |
| contain yellow marrow | medullary cavity |
| also called cancellous bone | spongy bone |
| site for blood cell production | red bone marrow |
| stores fat | yellow bone marrow |
| actively produce bone tissue | osteoblasts |
| digest bone tissue to make them hollow | osteoclasts |
| mature bone cells | osteocytes |
| process of bone formation | ossification |
| groove or depression in a bone | sulcus; fissure |
| opening or hollow space in a bone | sinus |
| hollow or shallow concave depression in a bone | fossa |
| hole within a bone for blood vessels or nerves to pass through | foramen |
| bony skull | cranium |
| frontal bone that forms the forehead | frontal bone |
| behind the frontal bone, 2 bones that form the top and upper sides of the cranium | parietal bones |
| forms the back of the head and base of the skull | occipital bone |
| two bones that form the lower sides and part of the base of the skull | temporal bones |
| the space between the bones in an infants skull that is covered by a tough membrane | fontanelle |
| lower jaw bone | mandibular |
| upper jaw bone | maxillary |
| cheek bones | zygomatic |
| bones of the neck | cervical vertebrae; C1-C7 |
| back bones of the chest | thoracic vertebrae; T1-T12 |
| bones of the lower back | lumbar vertebrae; L1-L5 |
| fourth section of the vertebrae, composed of 5 fused bones | sacrum |
| fifth segment of the vertebrae, composed of 4 fused bones | coccyx; tailbone |
| also known as the breastbone | sternum |
| collarbone | clavicle |
| first seven ribs are known as | true ribs |
| ribs 8-10 are known as | false ribs |
| ribs 11 and 12 are known as | floating ribs |
| shoulder blade | scapula |
| bone of the upper arm | humerous |
| lower arm bone that is located on the thumb side | radius |
| lower arm bone that is located on the pinky side | ulna |
| bones of the wrist | carpals |
| bones of the hand | metacarpals |
| bones of the fingers | phalanges |
| largest of the hip bones | ilium |
| upper curved edge of the ilium | iliac crest |
| lowest part of the hip bones | ischium |
| anterior part of the hip bones | pubis |
| longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body, thigh bone | femur |
| knee cap | patella |
| larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones; shin bone | tibia |
| more slender of the lower leg bones | fibula |
| bones of the ankle | tarsals |
| bones of the foot | metatarsals |
| bones of the toes | phalanges |
| bones that are fragile due to loss of bone density | osteoporosis |
| bacterial infection in the bone and bone marrow | osteomylitis |
| narrowing of the vertebral canal resulting in pressure on nerve roots | spinal stenosis |
| abnormal outward curvature of the upper spine | kyphosis |
| abnormal inward curvature of the spine | lordosis |
| abnormal lateral curvature of the spine | scoliosis |
| break in the bone but no open wound in the skin | closed or simple fracture |
| break in the bone with an open wound where the bone is protruding | open or compound fracture |
| incomplete fracture | greenstick fracture |
| bones surfaces that break due to being forced against each other | compression fracture |
| minor fracture in the bone | hairline or stress fracture |
| aligning the broken bone through manipulation without making an incision in the skin | closed reduction |
| realigning broken bones during surgery, usually requiring pins, screws, or plates | open reduction |
| injection of a radioisotope that is absorbed by bone tissue; used to diagnosis bone cancer | bone scan |
| obtaining a sample of bone marrow to aid in the diagnosis of leukemia | bone marrow aspiration |
| voluntary muscles that attach to the bones of the skeleton | skeletal |
| involuntary muscle that lines hollow organs | smooth;visceral |
| specialized muscle forming the walls of the heart | cardiac |
| attaches muscles to bones | tendons |
| sheets of fibrous connective tissue covering muscle | fascia |
| muscle located in the fleshy part of the cheek | buccinator |
| triangular shaped muscle extending across the back of the shoulder | trapezius |
| muscle that extends from the sternum to the side of the neck | sternomastoid |
| muscle that originates from the lower back and covers lower half of thoracic region | latissimus dorsi |
| large muscle that crosses over the front of the chest | pectoralis major |
| muscle that covers the shoulder joint | deltoid |
| muscle of the upper arm that allows the arm to flex | biceps brachii |
| muscle of the back of the upper arm that allows the arm to extend | triceps brachii |
| forms most of the fleshy part of the buttocks | gluteus maximus |
| located above the gluteus maximus | gluteus medius |
| muscles of the anterior part of the thigh | quadriceps femoris |
| muscles of the posterior of the thigh | hamstrings |
| muscle of the calf | gastronemius |
| muscle of the front of the lower leg | tibialis anterior |
| disease characterized by progressive weakness and muscle degeneration | muscular dystrophy |
| process of recording the strength of muscle contraction through electrical stimulation | electromyography |
| type of joint that connects bones together and is immoveable | fibrous; ie; skull |
| joint that connects bones together with cartilage | cartilaginous; ie symphasis pubis |
| joint that is lined with a membrane and secretes a fluid | synovial; ie; shoulder |
| joint that allows back and forth type movement | hinge; ie; elbow |
| allows movement in many directions around a central point | ball and socket; ie; hip |
| bending motion | flexion |
| straightening motion | extension |
| movement away from the midline of the body | abduction |
| movement towards the midline of the body | adduction |
| turning the palm up or forward | supination |
| turning the palm down or backward | pronation |
| bending the foot upward | dorsiflexion |
| bending the foot downward, pointing the toes | plantar flexion |
| turning of a bone on its own axis | rotation |
| movement of an extremity in a circular motion | circumduction |
| inflammation of the joints | arthritis |
| arthritis that affects the spinal column | ankylosing spondylitis |
| abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe | bunion |
| displacement of a bone from its normal location within a joint | dislocation |
| cystic tumor on a tendon | ganglion |
| arthritis caused by excess uric acid | gout |
| rupture of the central portion of the vertebral disc | herniated disc |
| most common form of arthritis resulting from wear and tear on the joints | osteoarthritis |
| type of chronic arthritis that results is deformity of the affected joints | rheumatoid arthritis |
| surgical repair of a joint | arthroplasty |
| visualization of a joint with the use of a scope | arthroscopy |
| puncture of a joint with a needle to remove fluid | arthrocentisis |
| wasting away of a muscle | atrophy |
| abnormally slow movement | bradykinesia |
| painful inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow | epicondylitis |
| chronic condition causing widespread muscle pain | fibromyalgia |
| paralysis on one half of the body | hemipeligia |
| paralysis of the lower extremities | paraplegia |
| paralysis of all four extremities | quadraplegia |
| herniation of muscle through the fascia | myocele |
| without muscular coordination | ataxia |
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