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NAU A&P, 3&4
NAU Cells, Cellular Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Termed the name of the cell in 1665 | Robert Lewin Hooke |
| Study of cells | Cytology |
| Also known as the building blocks of life | Cells |
| All cells come from this type of cell | Generalized or Stem Cells |
| Control center of the cell containing the necleolus, which contains the cells genetic material | Nucleus |
| Located in the nucleus, made up of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| Located most entirely in the cytoplasm, consists of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, also contains, rRNA, mRNA, tRNA. | Ribonucleic Acid |
| Surrounding membrane, has nuclear pores, so communication is easy within the cell. Ex: Yelling at your children through the window or door of a house | Nuclear Envelope |
| The sites within the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled, consisting largely of RNA and protein | Nucleoli |
| Loose strands of DNA wrapped around protein clusters as the cell divides the cords condense | Chromatin |
| Protein clusters | Histones |
| Paired, barrel-shaped structures, responsible for cell division a metabolic function and forms the mitotic spindle near the nucleus | Centrioles |
| Composed of phospholipid bilayer. | Plasma Membrane |
| Consists of a phosphate head which is hydrophyllic and a lipid hydrophobic tail | Phospholipid Bilayer |
| Holds the structure of the molecule and keeps it stationary. Ex: toothpick in a sandwich | Cholesterol Molecules |
| Receives and transmits messages into the cell, determines who gets in and out of the cell | Receptor proteins |
| Forms specialized doorways for specific molecules. Ex: Bouncer at a bar | Integral proteins |
| This allows cells to stick together. Also allows small molecules to move between the cytoplasm and adjacent cells | Desmosomes or Gap Junction |
| Structure within a cell that carry a specific activity for the cell to function. | Organelle |
| Powerhouse of the cell that convert nutrients into ATP- adenine triphosphate | Mitochondria |
| Manufactures protein, very tiny and attached to the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum | Ribosomes |
| Has ribosomes, produces integral proteins and phospholipid molecules | Rough Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Metabolizes fats and stores Calcium ions. Also detoxifies steroids and lipid-soluble medications | Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Packaging plant of the cell, sorting and sending proteins to their specific destinations. Ex: Post Office | Golgi apparatus |
| Contains digestive enzymes that function as the cell's demolition crew to unwanted substances. If needed will blow themselves and the cell up. | Lysosomes |
| Disarms free radicals, then turns them into hydrogen and peroxide | Peroxisomes |
| Non-permanent structures, not present in all cells that provide storage for: pigments, crystals and food in the form of either glycogen or lipids | Inclusions |
| Cilia and Flagellum | Surface Organelles |
| Long flowing tubes that move bacteria out of the lungs | Cilia |
| Hollow tubes on the surface of the intestines that absorb nutrients | Microvilli |
| Used to move the cell around | Flagellum |
| Requires ATP | Energy Bulk Transport |
| Moving substances against the concentration gradient, (going uphill) and is selectively permeable, ( kool-aid from packet to a pitcher of water | Active transport |
| Means into the cell. Taken in by the membrane, surrounded and pinched off and moved to where it will be digested | Endocytosis |
| Cell eating, Ex: Pacman | Phagocytosis |
| Cell Drinking, Ex: drinking a pina colada | Pinocytosis |
| Needs a specific doorway, needs to be invited into the cell. Na ion received Na ion | Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
| Means out of the cell. Enclosed by the membrane in a vesicle and transported out of the cell thus rupturing outside the cell(secretion) | Exocytosis |
| Moves substances from higher concentrations to lower concentrations. Ex: air fresheners | Diffusion |
| Movement of water or fluid to an area of higher to lower concentration | Osmosis |
| Cells shrinking and in worst cases die off | Dehydration |
| Moves higher to lower concentration. Ex: Moving out of an airplane | Filtration |
| Moves from higher to lower concentration with the aid of a transporter. Ex: leaving out of an airport with a personal assistant | Facilitated diffusion |
| This is done for cell growth, repair and reproduction | Cell Division |
| Forms sex cells, eggs and sperm | Meiosis |
| Forms somatic cells, that can become any kinds of cell (liver, blood, etc) AKA stem cells | Mitosis |
| Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase | 5 Phases of Cell Division |
| Period when the cell is carrying on normal metabolic functions and DNA duplicates | Interphase |
| Duplicated DNA condenses and the coil tightens (chromosomes), nucleus disappears, centrioles form the mitotic spindle | Prophase |
| Lining up of the chromosomes along the middle of the spindle | Metaphase |
| Separation of the duplicated chromosomes and migration to opposite ends of the cells | Anaphase |
| Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membrane reforms in each end of the cell and the cell begins to divide. | Telophase |
| Building, inputting energy | Anabolism |
| Breakdown, releasing energy | Catabolism |
| Without oxygen occurs in cytoplasm | Anaerobic Respiration |
| With oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria | Aerobic Respiration |
| Specific amino acids, building blocks | Nucleotides |
| DNA instructs how different proteins are to be constructed | Gene |
| A complete set of genetic instructions, the master blueprint in a cell | Geonome |
| Transfer RNA, Messenger RNA, Ribosomal RNA | Three types of RNA |
| tRNA | Transfer RNA |
| mRNA | Messenger RNA |
| rRNA | Ribosomal RNA |
| Resembles half of a DNA molecule | mRNA and tRNA |
| Helps form the ribosomes where the proteins are built | rRNA |
| The DNA molecule unwinds and information from DNAis transferred to mRNA | Transcription |
| Information coming from the DNA | Triplet |
| Corresponding copy on mRNA | Codon |
| The change from a nitrogen based language of mRNA to the amino acid language of a synthesized protein | Translation |
| Changes in the genetic information due to damage or alteration of the codes | Mutation |
| Catabolism glucose oxygen yields | Two pyruvic acid molecules |
| A repeating cycle of aerobic reactions that break down pyruvic acids prodcued by glycolysis, producing 2 ATPs, several CO2 molecules and several very energetic hydrogen carrying molecules | Kreb Cycle |
| Catabolism of glucose into pyruvic acid and yields 2 ATP | Glycolysis |
| As a result, the process yields 34-36 ATP | Elecron transport chain/ Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| The recapturing of almost half of the energy released during catabolism | Oxidation |
| C6H1206 + 6O2 yields 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 34-36 ATP | Glucose as fuel equation |
Created by:
FKrouse
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