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Chapter 11
Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Responsibilities of the respiratory system | Respiration = exchange of gases between the body and air, production of sound, assisting in the body's defense against foreign materials |
| External Respiration | Oxygen is inhaled into the lungs |
| Internal Respiration | Inhaled oxygen circulates from the pulmonary bloodstream into the lungs |
| Nose | Entrance to nose = nostrils or nares(singular-naris) Air enters through nose and mouth |
| Nasal Cavity | Divided into left and right chambers by a dividing wall call the septum |
| Paranasal Sinuses | Hollow areas or cavities within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity, lighten the skull and enhance the sound of the voice, lined with mucous membranes |
| Cilia | Hairlike projections on mucous membranes |
| Pharynx | Throat, Commonly divided into three sections |
| Epiglottis | Covers the opening of the larynx when swallowing |
| Larynx | Contains the vocal cords, also know as the voicebox |
| Trachea | Windpipe |
| Bronchi | Trachea branches into two tubes called the bronchi, each bronchi leads to a separate lung |
| Bronchioles | Smallest branches of the bronchi |
| Alveoli | Air sacs, pulmonary parenchyma |
| Lungs | Two coned-shaped, spongy organs consisting of the aveoli, blood vessels, elastic tissue, and nerves. LEFT LUNG: has two lobes RIGHT LUNG: Has three lobes |
| Apex | Uppermost part of lung |
| Base | Lower part of lung |
| Hilum | Portion in midline region where blood vessels, nerves, and bronchial tubes enter and exit the lungs |
| Pleura | Double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs |
| Parietal Pleura | Outer layer of the pleura, which lines the thoracic cavity |
| Visceral Pleura | Inner layer of pleura, which covers the lungs |
| Pleural space | Small space between the pleural membranes |
| Inhalation | Inspiration, Air drawn into lungs |
| Exhalation | Expiration, Air is forced out of lungs |
| Inspection | Visual examination of the external surface of the body |
| Palpation | Process of examination of the body using hands and fingers to the external surface of the body |
| Auscultation | Process of listening for sounds within the body |
| Percussion | Use of the fingertips to tap the body lightly but sharply to determine the position, size, and consistency of an underlying structure and the presence of fluid or pus in a cavity |
| Apnea | Temporary cessation of breathing |
| Bradypnea | Abnormally slow breathing |
| Cough | Forceful and sometimes violent expiratory effort preceded by a preliminary inspiration, air nosily expelled |
| Nonproductive | No expectoration of sputum, Dry cough |
| Productive | Expectoration of sputum, wet cough |
| Types of sputum | Mucoid, Mucopurulent, purulent, serous |
| Cyanosis | Slightly Bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark coloration of the skin due to the presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood |
| Dysphonia | Difficulty in speaking, Hoarseness |
| Epistaxis | Hemorrhage from the nose, nosebleed |
| Expectoration | Act of spitting out saliva or coughing up materials from the air passageways leading to the lungs |
| Hemoptysis | Expectoration of blood arising from the oral cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs |
| Hypercapnia | Increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Hypoxemia | Insufficient oxygenation of the blood |
| Hypoxia | Deficiency of oxygen |
| Kussmaul Respirations | Very deep, gasping type of respiration usually associated with sever diabetes acidosis |
| Orthopnea | Respiratory condition in which there is dyspnea when the patient is in any position other than standing or sitting upright |
| Pleural Rub | Frcition rub caused by inflammation of the pleural space |
| Rales | Abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the chest produced by passage of air through bronchi that contain secretion of exudate or that are constricted by spasm or a thickening of their walls |
| Rhinorrhea | Thin, watery discharge from the nose |
| Rhonchi | Rattlings in the throat produced by air through obstructed airways |
| Stridor | Harsh sound, High pitched and resembling the blowing of wind due to the obstruction of air passages |
| Tachypnea | Abnormal rapidity of breathing |
| Wheeze | Whistling sound or sighing sound resulting from the narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway |
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