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Muscles
Chapter 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. |
| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched. |
| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. |
| Epimysium | a connective tissue sheath that surrounds a skeletal muscle. |
| Fascia | another connective tissue that is located outside the epimysium. |
| Fasciculi (Fascicle) | muscle composed of numerous visible bundles. |
| Perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds fasciculi. |
| Fibers | single muscle cells. |
| Endomysium | connective tissue sheath. |
| Myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. |
| Actin Myofilaments | thin myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together. |
| Myosin Myofilaments | thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. |
| Sarcomeres | the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle. |
| Resting Membrane Potential | the charge difference across the membrane. |
| Action Potential | the brief reversal back of the charge. |
| Motor Neurons | are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. |
| Synapse | near the center of the cell. |
| Motor Unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers that it innervates. |
| Presynaptic Terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal. |
| Synaptic Cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell. |
| Synaptic Vesicles | secretes the neurotransmitter. |
| Acetylcholine | diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell. |
| Acetylcholinesterase | yields only one action potential in the skeletal muscle and only one contraction of the muscle cell (breaks it down). |
| Sliding Filament Mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction. |
| Muscle Twitch | is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. |
| Threshold | a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until the stimulus reaches this level |
| All-or-None Response | the muscle fiber will contract maximally. |
| Lag Phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction. |
| Contraction Phase | the time of contraction. |
| Relaxation Phase | the time during which the muscle relaxes. |
| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing. |
| Recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated. |
| Creatine Phosphate | when at rest they can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule. |
| Anaerobic Respiration | without oxygen. |
| Aerobic Respiration | with oxygen (more efficient). |
| Oxygen Debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. |
| Muscle Fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster |
| Isometric | (equal distance) the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. |
| Isotonic | (equal tension) the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes. |
| Muscle Tone | muscle tone refers to constant tension produced bu muscles of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight. |
| Fast Twitch Fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism. Ex. white meat of a chicken's breast. |
| Slow Twitch Fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. They are better suited for aerobic metabolism. Ex. dark meat of a duck's breast or the legs of a chicken. |
| Origin | (head) is most stationary end of the muscle. |
| Insertion | is the end undergoing the greatest movement. |
| Belly | the portion of muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| Synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| Antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| Prime Mover | a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| Nomenclature | (names that are descriptive) location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function |
| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis Oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye. |
| Orbicularis Oris | puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter's muscle |
| Orbicularis Oris & Buccinator | kissing muscles |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| Levator Labii Superioris | sneering |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | frowning |
| Mastication | chewing |
| Temporalis & Masseter | 2 pairs of mastication |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscle | change the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscle | move the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover |
| Erector Spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect |
| External Intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| Internal Intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| Diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing. Dome-shaped muscle. Aids in breathing |
| Linea Alba | consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle (tendinous area of the abdominal wall) |
| Rectus Abdominis | on each side of the linea alba |
| Tendinous Inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented. |
| Trapezius | rotates scapula |
| Serratus Anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| Pectoralis Major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| Latissimus Dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. "Swimmer muscle." |
| Pectoralis Major & Latissimus Dorsi | attaches the arm to the thorax |
| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb. |
| Triceps Brachii | (3 heads / antagonists) extends the forearm. Occupies the posterior compartment of the arm |
| Biceps Brachii | (2 heads / antagonists) flexes the forearm. Occupies the anterior compartment of the arm. |
| Brachialis | flexes the forearm |
| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Retinaculum | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not "bowstring" during muscle contraction |
| Flexor Carpi | flexes the wrist |
| Extensor Carpi | extends the wrist |
| Flexor Digitorium | flexes the fingers |
| Extensor Digitorium | extends the fingers |
| Intrinsic Hand Muscles | 19 hand muscles located within the hand |
| Interossi | located between the metacarpals, are responsible for abduction and adduction of the fingers |
| Gluteus Maximus | buttocks. Contributes most of the mass of the buttocks. |
| Gluteus Medius | hip muscle and common injection site |
| Quadriceps | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| Sartorius | "tailors muscle" flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh (wolves kill this way) |
| Gastrocnemius (left) & Soleus (right) (back view) | form the calf muscles. They join to form the calcaneal tendon |
| Calcaneal Tendon (Achilles Tendon) | flex the foot and toes |
| Peroneus | the lateral muscles of the leg "planters flexion (turning the lateral side of the foot outward) |
| Intrinsic Foot | 20 muscles located within the foot. Muscles flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes |
Created by:
Iyanna Patrick
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