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Ch. 42
hematology and coagulation procedures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anemia | condition marked by a decrease in the number of RBC or the amount of hemoglobin |
| coagulation | subsection of the hematology department within the clinical lab |
| fibrinolysis | break down of a fribrin clot |
| hematology | study of blood and blood forming tissues |
| hemoglobin | iron containing protien found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs |
| hematocrit | volume of packed red blood cells |
| hematopoiesis | process of blood formation |
| hemostasis | blood clotting process |
| leukocytosis | abnormal increase in circulating white blood cells |
| leukemia | marked increased in the number of abnormal or immature white blood cells in bone marrow and circulating blood |
| leukopenia | abnormal decrease in circulatory white blood cells |
| macrophage | type of wbc that destroys cellular debris and foreign invaders within tissues and organs |
| phagocytosis | when phagocytes engulf and destroy microorganisms, foreign antigens, and cellular debris |
| plasma | liquid part of blood that contains clotting factors |
| polycythemia | abnormal increase in the amount of red blood cells |
| prothrombin time | blood test that determines the amount of time it takes for blood to clot and that monitors warfarin therapy |
| serum | liquid portion of blood that doesn't contain cells or clotting factors |
| thrombocytopenia | abnormal decrease in platelets |
| whole blood | mixture of blood cells and plasma |
| describe red blood cells and their function in the body | contain hemoglobin which is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| describe white blood cells and their function in the body | white blood cells are responsible for fighting off infections |
| what are the 3 different kinds of granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| neutrophils | most numerous WBC and are responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens. they are purple in color and contain a segmented nucleus. normal range is 40%-60% |
| eosinophils | release histamine and are also phagocytic. granules are bright orange-pink in color. normal range is 0%-4% |
| basophils | least common WBC, release histamine and are phagocytic. they release heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting granules are very dark blue-purple in color. normal range is 0%-1% |
| types of agranulocytes | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| lymphocytes | responsible for producing antibodies, includes B-cell and T-cell. they have a large round blueish-purple nucleus that takes up entire cell. normal range is 20%-40% |
| monocytes | largest circulating WBC, responsible for phagocytosis, its a large cell that contains vacuoles and has a large blue, slightly indented nucleus. normal range is 3%-8% |
| platelets | small irregularly shaped disks that are fragments of a larger cell called a megakaryocyte. they are responsible for clotting and all stages of the coagulation process |
| what are the components of a CBC | WBC count, RBC count, Hgb, HCT, blood cell indices, platelet count, differential count |
| Hemoglobin test | measures the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs |
| blood cell indices | provides additional info on RBCs including MCH, MCHC, MCV, and RDW |
| differential count | measures the percentage of different types of WBCs and evaluates the size, shape, and appearance of RBC, WBC, and platelets |
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin | measures average amount of hemoglobin in RBCs |
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration | measures the concentration of hemoglobin in the average RBC and compares it with the size of the cell |
| mean corpuscular volume | measures the size of RBCs |
| red cell distribution width | measures the variations in size of RBCs |
| MCH | mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
| MCHC | mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
| MCV | mean corpuscular volume |
| RDW | red cell distribution width |
| what are the critical values of a CBC | if WBC count is lower than 4.0 or higher than 13.0; hemoglobin levels below 11g/dl or hematocrit above 35% |
| what is the purpose of an erythrocyte sedimentation rate | used as a screening test to determine nonspecific inflammation |
| what is the purpose of an reticulocyte count | evaluates the ability of the bone marrow to produce and release red blood cells into the bloodstream and if abnormally increased could indicate conditions as hemolytic anemia or a problem with the bone marrow |
| international normalized ratio | provides uniform prothrombin time results for physicians in all parts of the country as recommended by the world health organization |
| activated partial thromboplastin time | evaluates the intrinsic system of coagulation cascades, monitors heparin therapy, and if prolonged, may indicate disseminated intravascular coagulation , hemophilia, or cirrhosis |
| bleeding time | evaluates the function of platelets and if increased may indicate decreased levels of platelets or decreased platelet function |
| thrombin time | determines if adequate fibrinogen is present for normal coagulation and if prolonged may indicate the presence of fibrin degeneration products or an increased level of heparin |
| fibrin degeneration product | measures body's clot dissolving system and, if increased, may indicate disseminated intravascular coagulation, primary fibrinolysis, or pulmonary embolus |
| d-dimer | measures abnormal clotting and fibrinolysis and if increased, may indicate deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, DIC, or myocardial infarction |
| fibrinogen | determines the amount of fibrinogen in plasma and indicates the body's clotting ability and clotting activity in the body |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation | a severe blood disorder caused by certain cancers, septicemia, blood transfusion reaction, and complications of pregnancy as eclampsia, and abruptio placenta & in which a person's blood coagulates throughout the body= blood clots, severe bleeding & death |
| thrombophilic disorder | inherited disease in which a person is at risk of developing or has developed thrombosis or blood clots that can occur in veins and arteries and cause strokes and heart attack |
| DIC | disseminated intravascular coagulation |
| FDP | fibrin degeneration product |
| TT | thrombin time |
| BT | bleeding time |
| APTT or PTT | activated partial thromboplastin time |
| INR | international normalized ratio |
Created by:
rewebb
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