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Nerv Sys- MT Chp 10
Medical Terminology Chapter 10 -Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| arthr/o | articulation |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum (little brain) |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum (largest part of the brain) |
| crani/o | skull |
| encephal/o | entire brain |
| esthesi/o | sensation |
| gangli/o | ganglion (knot) |
| gli/o | glue |
| gnos/o | knowing |
| hypn/o, somn/i, somn/o | sleep |
| kinesi/o | movement |
| lex/o | word or phrase |
| mening/o, meningi/o | meninges (membrane) |
| myel/o | spinal cord or bone marrow |
| narc/o | stupor, sleep |
| neur/o | nerve |
| phas/o | speech |
| phob/o | exaggerated fear or sensitivity |
| phor/o | carry or bear |
| phren/o, psych/o, thym/o | mind |
| schiz/o | split |
| somat/o | body |
| spin/o, spondyl/o | spine (thorn) |
| vertebr/o | vertebra |
| stere/o | three dimensional or solid |
| tax/o | order or coordination |
| thalam/o | thalamus (a room) |
| ton/o | tone or tension |
| top/o | place |
| ventricul/o | ventricle (belly or pouch) |
| cata- | down |
| -asthenia | weakness |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| -mania | condition of abnormal impulse toward |
| -paresis | slight paralysis |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| brain | portion of the central nervous system contained within the |
| cerebrum | largest portion of the brain, cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum; lobes named after the skull bones they underlie |
| frontal lobe | anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality |
| parietal lobe | portion posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch |
| temporal lobe | portion that lies below the frontal lobe, resonsible for hearing, taste, and smell |
| occiptial lobe | portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision |
| cerebral cortex | outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter, responsible for higher mental funtions (cortex=bark) |
| thalamus (diencephalon) | two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain, responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex |
| gyri | ring or circle; convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres |
| sulci | ditch; shallow grooves that separate gyri |
| fissures | splitting crack; deep grooves in the brain |
| cerebellum | portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles |
| brainstem | region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord, resopnsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; there are three levels: mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata |
| ventricles | series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord |
| spinal cord | column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae, responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and body |
| meninges | thee membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachniod |
| cranial nerves | 12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain |
| spinal nerves | 31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord |
| sensory nerves | nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain-also called afferent nerves |
| motor nerves | nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves (e=out;ferre=carry) |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands |
| hypothalamus | control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus (diencephalon) |
| sympathetic nervous system | division of the ANS concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations |
| parasympathetic nervous system | division of the ANS that is mos active in the ordinary conditions; it counter balances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience |
| aphasia | condition without speech, due to brain injury, affects understanding, retrieving, and formulating meaningful and sequential elements of language |
| dysarthria | condition of difficult articulation |
| dysphasia | difficulty speaking |
| coma | general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness |
| delirium | state of mental confusion due to disturbances in cerebral function |
| dementia | impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion |
| motor deficit | loss or impairment of muscle function |
| sensory deficit | loss of impairment of sensation |
| neuralgia | pain along the course of a nerve |
| paralysis | temporary or permanent loss of motor control |
| flaccid paralysis | defective or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion |
| spastic paralysis | stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder |
| hemiparesis | partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body |
| sciatica | pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots |
| seizure | suden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from abnormal firing of nerve impulses |
| convulsion | to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contrations of muscles |
| syncope | fainting |
| tactile stimulation | evoking response by touching |
| hyperesthesia | increased sensitivity to stimulation suchas touch or pain |
| paresthesia | abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause |
| agnosia | any of many types of loss of neurological function associated with interpretation of sensory information |
| astereognosis | inability to judge the form of an object by touch |
| atopognosis | inability to locate a sensation properly, such as to locate a point touched on the body |
| Alzheimer disease | disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of intellectual functions, total disability, and death |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | a condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms, legs, muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing to total paralysis and dealth-also kn |
| cerebral palsy (CP) | condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth, characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination (palsy=paralyis) |
| cerebrovascular disease | disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain |
| cerebral arterioclerosis | hardening of the arteries of the brain |
| cerebral atherosclerosis | condition of lipid (fat) buildup within the blood vessels of the brain (ather/o=fatty[lipid] paste) |
| cerebral aneurysm | dilation of a blood vessel in the brain (aneurysm=dilation or widening) |
| cerebral thrombosis | presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain |
| cerebral embolism | obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) stroke | damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurological deficit (impairment)- often precedes a CVA |
| carotid (TIA) | ischemia of the anterior circulation of the brain |
| vertebrobasilar TIA | ischemia of the posterior circulation of the brain |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| epilepsy | disorder affecting the central nervous system characterized by recurrent seizures |
| tonic-clonic | stiffening-jerking (grand mal) big, bad seizure |
| absence | seizure involving breif loss of consciousness without motor involvement |
| partial | seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms |
| glioma | tumor of cells graded by degree of malignancy |
| herniated disk | protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root |
| herpes zoster | viral disease affectin the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilaterally- also known as shingles |
| Huntington disease (HD) | hereditary disease of the central nervous system |
| Huntington chorea | characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements and progressive dementia (charos=dance) |
| hydrocephalus | abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor |
| meningioma | benign tumor of the coverings of the brain (meninges) |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges |
| migraine headache | paroxysmal attacks of mostly unilateral headache often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, and/or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of arteries |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurological dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission) |
| myasthenia gravis | autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing progressive decrease in muscle strength with activity and a return of strength after a period of rest |
| myelitis | inflammation of the spinal cord |
| narcolepsy | sleep disorder characterized by sleep attacks, sleep paralysis, and dreams intruding while awake |
| Parkinson disease | condition of slowly progressive degeneration of an area of the brainstem resulting in decrease of dopamine |
| plegia | paralysis |
| hemiplegia | paralysis on one side of the body |
| paraplegia | paralysis from the waist down |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four limbs |
| poliomyelitis | inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis |
| polyneuritis | inflammation involving two or more nerves, often owing to a nutrutional deficiency such as lack of thiamine |
| refelx sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) | condition of abnormal function of the sympathetic nervous system in resonse to pain perception, usually as the result of an injury to an extremity; symptoms include persistent burning pain, tissue edema, joint tenderness, changes in skin color and temper |
| sleep apnea | periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring |
| spina bifida | congenital defect in the spinal clumn characterized by the absence of verebral arches, often resulting in pouching of spinal membranes or tissue |
| electroencephalogram | record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain used to identify neurological conditions that affect brain function and level consciousness |
| evoked potentials | record of minute electrical potential (waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders-also used to monitor the neurological function of patients during surgery |
| nerve conduction velocity (NCV) | electrical shock of periphreal nerves to record time of conduction; used to diagnose various periphreal nervous system diseases |
| polysomnography (PSG) | recording of various aspects of sleep (e.g., eye and muscle movements, respiration, EEG patterns) to diagnose sleep disorders |
| lumbar puncture | introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomical structures (especially soft tissue) |
| magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) | use of magnetic resonance in imaging of the blood vessels-useful in detecting pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis |
| intracranial MRA | magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the cirle of Willis (common site of cerebral aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion) |
| extracranial MRA | magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery |
| nuclear medicine imaging | radionuclide organ imaging |
| SPECT brain scan (single photon emission computed tomography) | scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of the brain after administration of radioactive isotopes |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology |
| radiography | x-ray imaging |
| cerebral angiogram | x-ray of blood vessels in the brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium |
| computed tomography (of the head) | computed tomographic x-ray images of the head used to visualize abnormalities within |
| myelogram | x-ray of the spinal cord made after intraspinal injection of contrast medium |
| reflex testing | test performed to observe the body's response to a stimulus |
| deep tendon reflexes (DTR) | involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon indicating function |
| Babinski sign or reflex | pathological response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot |
| transcranial sonogram | image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels |
| craniectomy | exision of part of the skull to approach the brain |
| craniotomy | incision into the skul to approach the brain |
| diskectomy | removal of herniated disk ofte done percutaneously |
| laminectomy | excison of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spinal cord |
| vertebral lamina | flattened posterior portion of the verebral arch |
| microsurgery | utilization of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery |
| neuroendovascular surgery | diagnosis and treatment of disorders within cerebral blood vessels performed in a specialized angiographic laboratory by interventional neuroradiologists |
| neuroplasty | surgical repair of a nerve |
| spondylosyndesis | spinal fusion |
| chemotherapy | treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce |
| radiation therapy | treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede proliferation of malignant cells |
| stereotactic (stereotaxic) radiosurgery | radiation treatment to inactivate malignant lesions involving the focus of multiple, precise external radiation beams on a target with the aid of a stereotactic fram and imaging- inoperable brain tumors and other lesions |
| stereotactic frame | mechanical device used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site |
| analgesic | agent that releives pain |
| anticoagulant | drug that prevents the clotting of blood |
| anticonvulsant | agent that prevents or lessens convulsion |
| hypnotic | agent that induces sleep |
| sedative | agent that has a calming effect |
| affect | emotional feeling or mood |
| flat affect | significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction |
| apathy | lack of interest or display of emotion |
| catatonia | state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment |
| delusion | persistent beleif that has no basis in reality |
| grandiose delusion | person's false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power |
| persecutory delusion | person's false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with intent to harm |
| dysphoria | restless, dissatisfied mood |
| euphoria | exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being |
| hallucination | false perception of the senses for which there is no reality, most commonly hearing or seeing things |
| ideation | formation of thoughts or ideas |
| mania | state of abnormal elation or increased activity |
| neurosis | psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent |
| psychosis | mental condition characterized by distrotion of reality, resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment |
| thought disorder | thought that lacks clear processing or logical disorder |
| major depression, major depressive illness, clinical depression, major affective disorder, unipolar disorder | disorder causing periodic distrubances in mood; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest |
| dysthymia | milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic depression persisting for at least 2 years |
| manic depression, bipolar disorder (BD) | affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression (extreme up and down states) |
| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and windter and remit in the spring |
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | most common anxiety disorder, characterized by chronic, excessive and uncontrollable worry |
| panic disorder (PD) | disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack |
| phobia | exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic |
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer with persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal. |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions, which can interfere with daily life |
| hypchondriasis | preoccupation with thoughts of disease |
| autism | developmental disability from neurological disorder affecting brain function |
| dyslexia | developmental diability characterized by a difficulty understanding written or spoken workds |
| attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | dysfunction characterized by condsistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses |
| mental retardation | condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or below |
| anorexia nervosa | severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight |
| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion |
| substance abuse disorders | mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins |
| schizophrenia | disease of the brain chemistry causing distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment characterized by a broad range of positive and negative symptoms |
| disorganized schizophrenia | featuring disorganized speech, behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect |
| catatonic schizophrenia | featuring catatonia |
| paranoid schizophrenia | featuring delusions, most often persecutory or grandiose types |
| schizoaffective disorder | concurrent with major depression or manic depression |
| psychotherapy | treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interation with patients, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques |
| behavioral therapy | treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior |
| cognitive therapy | treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking |
| psychotropic drugs | medications used to treat mental illness |
| antianxiety drugs (anxiolytic) | drugs used to reduce anxiety |
| antidepressant | agent that counteracts depression |
| neuroleptic agents | drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia |
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