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STAAR Review
| Representative Government | system of government in which voters elect representatives to make laws for them |
| House of Burgesses | first representative assembly in the new world |
| Three Branches of Government | Legistlative, Executive, Judicial |
| Magna Carta | first document sighned in 1215 them limited power of the ruler and gave trial by jury |
| English Bill of Rights | protected rights of English citizens, became basis for U.S. Bill of Rights |
| Mayflower Compact | document signed by pilgrims in 1620 that promised to agree on laws and work together to make Plymouth succeed |
| Jamestown | fist successful English colony in the new world, founded in 1607 |
| Plymouth | colony founded by the pilgrims in 1620 |
| Columbus | discovered the Americas in 1492 for the Queen of Spain |
| Mercantilism | economic theory that a country’s power is based off of its wealth and that a country should sell more than buy |
| Free Enterprise | freedom of private businesses to compete for profit with minimal regulation |
| Fundamental Orders Of Connecticut | first written constitution in the Americas |
| Middle Colonies | New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania |
| Southern Colonies | North, South Carolina, Georgia, Maryland |
| New England Colonies | New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island |
| Puritans | those who sought to reform the English church |
| Land claimed by a country in a different area of the world. Settlers are sent to this area to maintain claim. | Colony |
| Settlement of the colony | Colonization |
| Belief that a colony exists to benefit the mother country financially; maintaining wealth by controlling trade. | Mercantilism |
| Business compete for consumers who are free to decide where to purchase goods. The government has little control. | Free Enterprise |
| Trade route that existed between the 13 colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. They traded rum, sugar, and slaves. | Triangular Trade |
| Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America. | Indentured Servant |
| African American who is purchased to work for life on a plantation | Slave |
| Buying and selling of humans for forced labor | Slave Trade |
| Large farms that grew cash crops. The land was farmed by slaves who lived on the land. | Plantation System |
| Crops grown to sell. | Cash Crops |
| Production of goods in a factory setting. | Industry |
| Tax placed on goods coming into a country. | Tariff |
| A tariff placed on foreign goods to protect domestic industry | Protective Tariff |
| System of government in which power is held by a queen or king. | Monarchy |
| Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire | New England Colonies |
| New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware | Middle Colonies |
| Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia | Southern Colonies |
| Issues relating to government and a citizens' relationship with government | Political Reasons |
| Issues relating to how people make money for their families; the production of gods and services | Economic Reasons |
| Issues relating to society including people, language, religion, education, art, etc. | Social Reasons |
| Person who wanted to separate from the Church of England. | Pilgrim |
| Person who wanted to "purify" or reform the Church of England | Puritan |
| Area that is similar in climate, geographic features, and economies | Region |
| Complaint | Grievance |
| To change | Amend |
| A change in the Constitution | Amendment |
| To officially accept | Ratify |
| Rights that all people possess; rights the government cannot deny. | Unalienable Rights |
| Putting government duty ahead of personal duties. | Civic Virtue |
| Responsibilities of citizenship includes voting and paying taxes. | Civic Duty |
| Rebelling against government not meeting your civic duties. | Civic Disobedience |
| To do away with, bring something to an end. | Abolish |
| Person who wanted to end slavery. | Abolitionist |
| Men who helped shape the U.S. through ideas, documents, and leadership. | Founding Fathers |
| Group of people with similar ideas about government. | Political Party |
| The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional. | Judicial Review |
| To declare legally void; invalidate. | Nullify |
| View that the states should hold more power than the Federal Government. | States' Rights |
| The belief that the U.S. should extend all the way to the pacific ocean. | Manifest Destiny |
| Moving from one country to another | Immigration |
| New ways of doing things based on new discoveries | Innovation |
| To change | Reform |
| To formally surrender; give up | Cede |
| To withdraw | Secede |
| Group of states formally united under one government | Union |
| Everyone, regardless of gender, race, or ethnicity, has equal rights. | Equality |
| To be added to a larger entity. | Annex |
| To take the legal steps and become a citizen. | Naturalized Citizen |
| Making the section more important than the group | Sectionalism |
| What was the 1st successful English settlement in North America? | Jamestown |
| What year was Jamestown founded? | 1607 |
| What was the significance of the Virginia House of Burgesses? | First representative assembly in North America |
| What was the name of the laws established for the good of the colony of Plymouth? | Mayflower Compact |
| What was the name of the intellectual movement that swept through the colonies in the 1700's? | Enlightenment |
| What was the name of the religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1700's? | The Great Awakening |
| Which act forbid colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains? | Proclamation of 1763 |
| Which act forced colonists to house and feed British soldiers? | Quartering Act |
| What was the name of the event where British soldiers fired into a crowd of civilians and killed five people? | Boston Massacre |
| What was event in which colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor? | Boston Tea Party |
| What were the names of the acts passed by Britain intended to punish the colonists? | Coercive(Intolerable) Acts |
| What was the significance of "the shot heard 'round the world"? | It marked the start of the American Revolution |
| What is the significance of 1776? | America declared its independence from Great Britain |
| Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? | Thomas Jefferson |
| List the three inalienable rights mentioned in the Declaration of Independence? | Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness |
| Who wrote "These are the times that try men's souls" in The Crisis? | Thomas Paine |
| What were the two pamphlets that Thomas Paine wrote? | "Common Sense" and "The Crisis" |
| Who was the King of England during the American Revolution? | King George III |
| Who was the Commander of the Continental Army? | George Washington |
| What was the signficance of the Battle of Saratoga? | It was the "turning point" of the American Revolution because the French began to help us out. |
| What battle marked the end of the American Revolution? | Battle of Yorktown |
| What was the name of the agreement in which Great Britain recognized America's independence? | Treaty of Paris (1783) |
| What was the significance of 1787? | It was when the U.S. Constitution was written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. |
| What was the first form of national government in the U.S.? | Articles of Confederation |
| What was the biggest weakness of the Articles of Confederation? | It did not have the power to tax. |
| Which law described the process of how territories would be incorporated as states? | Northwest Ordinance |
| Which event exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? | Shay's Rebellion |
| Who was known as the "Father of the Constitution? | James Madison |
| What was the name of the compromise on legislative representation? | The Great Compromise |
| What is the significance of the Bill of Rights? | They protect the basic rights of the people. |
| Which principle explains that there are powers shared between the federal government and state governments | Federalism |
| Which principle describes a government in which the people rule? | Popular Sovereignty |
| Which principle divides the government into three different branches? | Separation of Powers |
| Which principle makes it so that no one branch has more power than the other two? | Checks and Balances |
| Who was the first President of the United States? | George Washington |
| What is the name of the group of advisors chosen by the president? | The Cabinet |
| What was the name of the protest by Pennsylvania farmers? | Whiskey Rebellion |
| Who was the second President of the United States? | John Adams |
| What was the name of the incident where France asked the U.S. for a bribe? | The X,Y,Z Affair |
| What was the law that was aimed at immigrants coming into the United States? | Alien and Sedition Acts |
| What is the significance of 1803? | Louisiana Purchase (It doubled the size of the U.S.) |
| What famous Supreme Court case established the principle of Judicial Review? | Marbury v. Madison |
| What were the three Causes of the War of 1812? | 1. Impressment of U.S. Sailors 2. Interference of U.S. Shipping 3. Encouraging Native American Resistance |
| Who wrote the "Star Spangled Banner"? | Francis Scott Key |
| What was the name of the Cherokee journey to Indian Territory in present day Oklahoma? | "Trail of Tears" |
| Which U.S. President strongly supported Indian relocation? | Andrew Jackson |
| Who invented the cotton gin? | Eli Whitney |
| Who invented the steamboat? | Robert Fulton |
| Who invented the telegraph? | Samuel F.B. Morse |
| Who invented the steel plow? | John Deere |
| What was the name of the famous Supreme Court case that gave one steamboat company a monopoly? | Gibbons v. Ogden |
| What is the name of the philosophy that it was America's right to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean and that western expansion was inevitable? | Manifest Destiny |
| What was a direct result of the California Gold Rush? | California became a state. |
| What was the name of the treaty that ended the Mexican War? | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
| What was the name of the territorial acquisition obtained as a result of the Mexican War? | Mexican Cession |
| What event marked the start of the Women's Rights Movement? | Seneca Falls Convention |
| Who wrote "The Liberator"? | William Lloyd Garrison |
| Who wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin"? | Harriett Beecher Stowe |
| Which social reformer fought for better treatment of the mentally ill? | Dorothea Dix |
| Which social reformer fought for increased educational opportunities for students and better training and higher salaries for teachers? | Horace Mann |
| Which social reformer and women's rights activist was a former slave and excellent speaker? | Sojourner Truth |
| Which social reformer was a conductor on the Underground Railroad? | Harriet Tubman |
| What do you call a peaceful form of protest? | Civil Disobedience |
| What do you call when the voters of a territory are allowed to determine the issue of slavery? | Popular Sovereignty |
| What was the name of the famous Supreme Court Case in which a Missouri slave sued for his freedom? | Dred Scott v. Sanford |
| Who won the Election of 1860? | Abraham Lincoln |
| What was the direct result of the Election of 1860? | South Carolina seceded from the Union. |
| Which event marked the start of the Civil War? | Attack on Ft. Sumter |
| Who was President of the U.S. during the Civil War? | Abraham Lincoln |
| What battle was the "bloodiest day" in all of American military history? | Battle of Antietam |
| What battle was known as the "turning point" of the Civil War? | Battle of Gettysburg |
| What battle gave the Union control of the entire Mississippi River, thus dividing the Confederacy? | Siege of Vicksburg |
| Where did General Lee surrender to General Grant? | Appomattox Court House, VA |
| What amendment abolished slavery? | 13th Amendment |
| Define Manifest Destiny. | The belief that the United States was destined to stretch across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. |
| What drew people to the west? | The west had vast stretches of land, offering a golden chance to make money. |
| Who were the Mormons and why did they go west? | The Mormons were members of the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. They wanted to go west so that they could follow their faith in peace. |
| Why did Americans want to move to Texas? | The land was rich and desirable, forests in the east, and had rivers. Some Americans wanted to start a new life, others were escaping the law, and some wanted a chance to be rich. |
| How did the California Gold Rush get started and what was the impact? | When James Marshall found gold while building a sawmill. The impact resulted in large amounts of people rushing to California and creating mining camps. Few people became rich from the gold. |
| What role did George Washington play in the American Revolution? | He was the general of the continental army. |
| What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga? | It caused european nations to think that the Americans might when their war on independence. |
| Who was Marquis de Lafayette? | He was a French nobleman who volunteered to serve in Washington’s army at 19 |
| Which countries joined in the fight? | France and Spain |
| Who was John Paul Jones? | He was an officer who won the most famous sea battle. |
| What happened in the Battle of Yorktown? | American and French bombarded Yorktown. |
| What was "The American Crisis"? | They were a series of pamphlets that encouraged soldiers to keep fighting. |
| Who was The American Crisis' author? | The author was Thomas Payne |
| How does "The American Crisis" relate to the Freedom of Speech? | Thomas was nearly sent to jail for stirring up rebellion due to his words. |
| Define Free Enterprise. | Americans developing their own manufacturing. |
| Wrote letters to her husband during the American Revolution | Abigail Adams |
| Delegate of the 2nd Continental Congress and Second President of the U.S. | John Adams |
| African-American who fought with the Patriots during the American Revolution | Wentworth Cheswell |
| Leader of the Sons of Liberty | Samuel Adams |
| Revolutionary writer and poet | Mercy Otis Warren |
| African-American who spied for the Continental Army | James Armistead |
| Early American Inventor, Statesman and Member of the 2nd Continental Congress | Benjamin Franklin |
| Spanish governor of Louisiana who raided British forts along the Gulf of Mexico | Bernardo de Galvez |
| A dockworker who was shot and killed at the Boston Massacre; first casualty of the American Revolution | Crispus Attucks |
| King of England during the American Revolution | King George III |
| An wealthy American who helped the Patriot cause by financing (helping to pay for) the American Revolution | Haym Saloman |
| Delegate from Virginia; famous for his "Give me liberty or give me death!" speech | Patrick Henry |
| Author of the Declaration of Independence and Third President of the U.S. | Thomas Jefferson |
| A French officer who served directly under George Washington during the American Revolution | Marquis de Lafayette |
| Author of "Common Sense" and "The Crisis" | Thomas Paine |
| Commander of the Continental Army and First President of the U.S. | George Washington |
| President during the War of 1812 | James Madison |
| President who warned European nations to stay out of the Americas (Monroe Doctrine) | James Monroe |
| Seventh President of the U.S.; came up with the Spoils System; removed Cherokee Indians off of their land in Georgia | Andrew Jackson |
| 6th President of the U.S. and longtime member of the House of Representatives | John Quincy Adams |
| Congressman from South Carolina who came up with the Doctrine of Nullification | John C. Calhoun |
| Senator from Kentucky and known as the "Great Compromiser" | Henry Clay |
| Congressman from Massachusetts and strong supporter of the Constitution | Daniel Webster |
| President of the Confederacy | Jefferson Davis |
| Union General during the Civil War | Ulysses S. Grant |
| Confederate General from Virginia | Robert E. Lee |
| President of the U.S. during the Civil War | Abraham Lincoln |
| African-American soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his efforts during the Civil War | William Carney |
| Union Navy officer who received the Medal of Honor during the Civil War | Philip Bazaar |
| First African-American who served as a member of Congress (a Republican from Mississippi) | Hiram Rhodes Revels |
| Federalist from New York; came up with a financial plan to get America out of debt | Alexander Hamilton |
| Anti-Federalist who "smelled a rat tending towards monarchy" | Patrick Henry |
| Known as the "Father of the Constitution" | James Madison |
| Anti-Federalist from Virginia | George Mason |
| Founder of Connecticut | Thomas Hooker |
| An Enlightenment thinker who came up with the idea of Separation of Powers | Charles de Montesquieu |
| An English philosopher who came up with the idea of "Life, liberty and property"; influenced Jefferson in the writing of the Declaration of Independence | John Locke |
| An English judge who wrote the "Commentaries on the Laws of England" | William Blackstone |
| A Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania | William Penn |
| Advocate of a peaceful form of protest called "Civil Disobedience" | Henry David Thoreau |
| Black Abolitionist Leader and Excellent Speaker | Frederick Douglass |
| Naval officer from the American Revolution; quoted as saying, "I have not yet begun to fight!" | John Paul Jones |
| Confederate General from Virginia; accidentally shot by one of his own men | Stonewall Jackson |
| Women's Rights activist; fought for women's suffrage | Susan B. Anthony |
| Women's Rights activist; helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention | Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
| American artist who focused on different birds of America | John James Audubon |
| What year was Jamestown founded? | 1607 |
| What year was the signing of the Mayflower Compact? | 1620 |
| Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? | Thomas Jefferson |
| What year was the Declaration of Independence signed? | 1776 |
| What year was the Louisiana Territory purchased? | 1803 |
| How long was the civil war? | 1861- 1865 4 years |
| Why was the Magna Carta written? | It was written to protect the rights of citizens. 1215 <- the year it was written |
| What was the Proclamation of 1763 for? | It prevented colonies from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. |
| What is the Sugar Act about? | It was tax placed on sugar and other products shipped to the colonies. |
| What is the Stamp Act about? | All paper documents had to carry a tax stamp |
| Who was the leader of the Sons of Liberty? | Samuel Adams |
| What was the Boston Massacre about? | English soldiers fired on colonists they killed 5 people. |
| What was the Boston Tea Party about? | The colonists boarded the ships and destroyed British tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor |
| What is the Intolerable Act about? | They punished Boston for the Tea Party by closing the Boston Harbor. |
| What was the battle of Lexington and Concord? | It was the first battles of the civil war |
| What was the battle of Saratoga? | It was the turning point of the war; the French begin to support the colonies in their fight for independence. |
| What is Valley Forge? | It was Washington's winter camp |
| What was the battle of Yorktown? | It was the last battle of the American Revolution |
| What was the Treaty of Paris? | It ended the American Revolution |
| What is Unalienable Rights? | Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness |
| What is the Northwest Ordinance? (1787) | It decided how new territory was settles and application for statehood. |
| What was the Constitutional Convention for? (1787) | It created a new constitution to correct the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation |
| What was the Great Compromise about? | It combined the New Jersey and Virginia Plans to create a Congress |
| I was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. I issued the Proclamation of Neutrality. I gave the U.S. 3 warnings in my farewell address. | George Washington |
| American Red Cross American nurse organized relief for the wounded | Clara Barton |
| Issued the Indian Removal Act, Spoils System, and Nullification Crisis | Andrew Jackson |
| James Madison | 4th US President |
| William Penn | Founded colony of Pennsylvania for Quakers |
| Thomas Hooker | Wrote Fundamental Orders of Connecticut |
| Roger Williams | Founded Rhode Island, favored separation of church and state |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | First written constitution in the colonies |
| English Bill of Rights | Used as a model for U.S. Bill of Rights |
| First Great Awakening | Time of increased interest in religion and toleration |
| Intolerable Acts | Punished Boston colonists for Boston Tea Party |
| Samuel Adams | Started Sons of Liberty to protest taxes |
| Crispus Attucks | African American killed at the Boston Massacre |
| Anne Hutchinson | Separation of Church and State |
| John Locke | Influenced Jefferson & the Declaration of Independence |
| Montesquieu | Wrote about separation of powers, education is important |
| 1607 | Jamestown |
| 1620 | Pilgrims arrive and the Mayflower Compact |
| mercantilism | Economic system that led to regulations on colonial trade |
| Wentworth Cheswell | African American patriot like Paul Revere, fought at Saratoga in the American Revolution |
| Thomas Paine | Author of "Common Sense" a pamphlet to convince people to declare independence |
| Mercy Otis Warren | Wrote articles to support Patriot cause during the American Revolution |
| William Blackstone | Believed in religious toleration and self defense (2nd amendment) |
| Mayflower Compact | Agreement for self-government among Pilgrims |
| House of Burgesses | First representative assembly in the colonies |
| Proclamation of 1763 | Limited westward expansion across the Appalachian Mountains |
| No Taxation without Representation | Colonists protest paying taxes because they aren't allowed to vote |
| Boston Tea Party | Colonists dump tea in Boston Harbor to protest tax. An example of Civil Disobedience |
| Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams; promoted women's rights; "Remember the ladies" |
| John Adams | Defended British soldiers in Boston Massacre;2nd President; XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts |
| James Armistead | African-American spy for the Continental Army |
| Benjamin Franklin | Diplomat in France; helped write Declaration of Independence; negotiated Treaty of Paris |
| Bernardo de Galvez | Spanish soldier who defended American ships at New Orleans |
| King George III | Leader of England during the Revolutionary Era |
| Haym Salomon | Jewish immigrant who convinced German soldiers to leave British Army |
| Patrick Henry | Patriot from Virginia who said "Give me liberty or give me death!" |
| Thomas Jefferson | Wrote Declaration of Independence; 3rd President; made Louisiana Purchase, Embargo Act |
| Marquis de Lafayette | French officer who helped train Washington's army |
| George Washington | Commander of Continental Army; 1st President |
| Lexington and Concord, MA | Shot Heard Round the World; 1st battles of the American Revolution |
| Saratoga, NY | American Victory was a turning point because France and Spain agreed to help by sending money and supplies |
| Yorktown, VA | Last battle of the American Revolution; British surrendered after their army was surrounded |
| Anti-Federalists | Mason & Henry; against ratification; supported Bill of Rights & states' rights |
| Articles of Confederation | First government of U.S. in 1776; it was too weak to control the states |
| Bill of Rights | First 10 Amendments added to the Constitution; guarantees individual rights |
| Republicanism | Elected representatives make and enforce laws |
| Popular Sovereignty | The power to run the government comes from the people through voting |
| Limited Government | Power is limited to that allowed by the Constitution |
| Federalism | Distribution of power between state and federal governments |
| Separation of Powers | Power is divided into 3 branches: executive, legislative, judicial |
| Checks & Balances | Each branch can limit the power of the other two |
| Great Compromise | Created bicameral legislature: House of Representatives based on population and Senate with equal representation |
| 3/5 Compromise | Settled issue of how to count slaves toward population for representation and taxation (three of every five) |
| Federalists | Madison & Hamilton; supported ratification and a strong central government |
| 1803 | Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S. |
| War of 1812 | U.S. vs. British: fought to end British interference in shipping and impressment of sailors |
| Alexander Hamilton | Federalist; started the National Bank |
| Civic Virtue | Putting service to country above self-interests |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | Jefferson stopped all trade with other countries |
| Alien & Sedition Act | John Adams imprisons those who criticize the government |
| John Marshall | Chief justice of the Supreme Court |
| Marbury v. Madison | Landmark court case=judicial review |
| Washington's Farewell Address | advises U.S. to stay neutral |
| XYZ Affair | John Adams avoids war with France |
| Monroe Doctrine | 5th President tells Europe to stay out of Western Hemisphere |
| Democratic-Republicans | favored strict interpretation of Constitution and states' rights |
| Northwest Ordinance | Established procedure for adding new states (60,000 people) |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Congress has implied powers (i.e. elastic clause) |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | Congress can regulate interstate trade |
| Era of Good Feelings | Time of nationalism and unity during Monroe's Presidency |
| Indian Removal Act | Law that removed Cherokee and other tribes ot land in Oklahoma; Trail of Tears 1830 |
| Andrew Jackson | Hero of War of 1812; president who was "common man" |
| Nullification Crisis | South Carolina threatened to secede over high tariffs in 1832 |
| John C. Calhoun | Favored states' rights to determine tariffs and expand slavery |
| Sacagawea | Native American guide and translator for Lewis and Clark |
| Manifest Destiny | Belief that America had a God-given right to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean |
| U.S.-Mexican War | War with Mexico caused by annexation of Texas and boundary issues |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) | ended the U.S.-Mexican War; U.S> pays Mexico $15 million for Mexican Cession (CA, AZ,NV,UT,CO,NM) |
| Gadsden Purchase (1853) | Land bought from Mexico in 1853 to build a Railroad |
| Gold Rush | Discovery of gold in California in 1849 led to rapid population growth |
| Texas Annexation (1845) | Texas becomes a state and enters as a slave state. Leads to war with Mexico. |
| Mormons | Religious group that moved west to avoid persecution. Ended up in Utah |
| Irish | Immigrated to American due to potato famine. Worked in factories in the North |
| Germans | Immigrants who brought Kindergarten, polka, sausage to American culture |
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