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Chapter 8
The Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anastomosis | a surgical connection between two hallow, or tubular, structures |
| anorexia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance |
| antiemetic | a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting |
| aphthous ulcers | gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth |
| aerophagia | the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, and is a common cause of gas in the stomach |
| ascites | an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity; result of severe liver disease |
| bariatrics | the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases |
| borborygmus | the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine |
| bulimia nervosa | eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced committing or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications |
| cachexia | a condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscles mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS |
| celiac disease | an inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten |
| cheilosis | a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth |
| cholangiography | a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium |
| cholangitis | an acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the upper-right quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile |
| cholecystectomy | the surgical removal of the gallbladder |
| choledocholithotomy | an incision into the common bile duct for the removal of a gallstone |
| cholelithiasis | the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts |
| cirrhosis | a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring |
| colonoscopy | the direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum of the cecum |
| Crohn's disease | a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon |
| diverticulitis | the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon |
| diverticulosis | the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon |
| dyspepsia | pain or discomfort in digestion |
| dysphagia | difficulty in swallowing |
| enteritis | an inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral and bacterial pathogens |
| eructation | the act of clenching or raising gas orally from the stomach |
| esophageal varices | enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus |
| esophagogastroduoenoscopy | an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualizations of the upper GI tract |
| gastroesophageal reflux disease | the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus |
| gastrostomy tube | a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach |
| hematemesis | the vomiting of blood |
| Hemoccult test | a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools |
| hepatitis | an inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection |
| herpes labialis | blister-like sores on the lips and adjacent facial tissue that are caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1 |
| hiatal hernia | anatomical abnormality in which the portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm |
| hyperemesis | extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration |
| ileus | the partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine |
| inguinal hernia | the profusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin |
| jaundice | a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membrane, and the eyes caused by greater-than-normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood |
| leukoplakia | an abnormal white precancerous lesion that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek |
| melena | the passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools |
| morbid obesity | the condition of weighing two times or more than the ideal eight or having a body mass index value greater than 40 |
| nasogastric intubation | the placement of a feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach |
| obesity | an excessive accumulation of fat in the body |
| palatoplasty | a surgical repair of a cleft palate, also used to refer to the repair of a cleft lip |
| peptic ulcers | sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system |
| peristalsis | a series of wave-like contraction of the smooth muscle in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system |
| polyp | a mushroom like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane |
| proctologist | a physician who specializes in disorder of the colon, rectum, and anus |
| regurgitation | the return of swallowed food into the mouth |
| salmonellosis | transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animal, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products |
| sigmoidoscopy | the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon |
| stomatitis | inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth |
| trismus | any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer |
| ulcerative colitis | a chronic condition of unknown causes in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation |
| volvulus | the twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction |
| xerostomia | the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretion by the salivary glands |
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