Question 1

MAJORITY RULE

Accepted Answer

A fundamental  democratic  principle  requiring  that the majority's view be respected.

Question 2

MAJORITY RULE

Accepted Answer

Nonetheless, the Constitution originally  contained  a number  of provisions designed to limit this, including  the electoral college, life tenure for Supreme Court justices, and the selection of senators by state legislators.

Question 3

CHECKS AND BALANCES

Accepted Answer

System in which  each branch of government can limit the power of the other two  branches. For example, the Senate has the power to approve or reject presidential appointments to the Supreme Court.

Question 4

UNITARY SYSTEM

Accepted Answer

System of government  in which  all power is  invested in a central government

Question 5

FEDERALISM

Accepted Answer

A system of government  in which  power is divided  by a written  constitution  between a central government  and regional governments.  As a result, two or more levels of government  have formal  authority  over the same geographic area and people.

Question 6

EXPRESSED  POWERS

Accepted Answer

Powers specifically granted to the federal government  by the Constitution. For example, the Constitution  gives Congress the power to coin money, impose taxes, and regulate interstate commerce.  Expressed powers are also called enumerated  powers.

Question 7

IMPLIED POWERS

Accepted Answer

Powers of the federal government  that go beyond those enumerated  in the Constitution. Implied powers are derived from the elastic or necessary and proper clause.

Question 8

RESERVED  POWERS

Accepted Answer

Powers not specifically granted to the national government  or denied to the states. Reserved powers are held by the states through  the Tenth Amendment.

Question 9

COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM

Accepted Answer

Situations in which  the national and state governments  work together  to complete  projects. Also called fiscal federalism.

Question 10

CATEGORICAL GRANT

Accepted Answer

Funds provided for a specific and clearly defined purpose.

Question 11

BLOCK GRANT

Accepted Answer

Funds granted to the states for a broadly defined purpose. Because block grants shift resources from the federal government  to the states, they contribute  to the growing number  of state and local government  employees.

Question 12

MANDATES

Accepted Answer

Rules telling  states what they must do to comply with federal guidelines. Unfunded  mandates require state and local governments  to provide services or comply with  regulations without  the provision of funds.

Question 13

DEVOLUTION

Accepted Answer

A movement  to transfer the responsibilities of governing  from the federal government  to state and local governments.

Question 14

POLITICAL CULTURE

Accepted Answer

A set of widely shared political  beliefs and values. America's political culture is characterized by strong support for individual  liberty, political equality, legal equality, the rule of law, and limited  government.

Question 15

POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION

Accepted Answer

The process by which  political values are formed  and passed from  one generation  to the next. The tam ily is the most important  agent of political socialization.

Question 16

PUBLIC OPINION

Accepted Answer

Attitudes  about institutions,  leaders, political  issues, and events.

Question 17

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY

Accepted Answer

A cohesive set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and the role of government.

Question 18

POLITICAL EFFICACY

Accepted Answer

The belief that one's political  participation  makes a difference.

Question 19

SPLIT-TICKET VOTING

Accepted Answer

Voting for candidates of different  parties for different  offices in the same election.  Recent elections have witnessed a significant  increase in split-ticket  voting  as the number  of voters who  identify themselves as independents  increases.

Question 20

POLITICAL PARTY

Accepted Answer

A group  of citizens who organize to win elections, hold public offices, operate governments  and determine  public policy.

Question 21

PLURALITY ELECTION

Accepted Answer

The winning  candidate  is the person who  receives more votes than anyone else, but less than half the total.

Question 22

SINGLE-MEMBER DISTRICT

Accepted Answer

An electoral district from which  one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office. Th is type of electoral system typically  leads to legislatures dominated  by two  political parties.

Question 23

PARTY ERA

Accepted Answer

An historical period dominated  by one political  party.

Question 24

CRITICAL ELECTION

Accepted Answer

An election when significant  groups of voters change their traditional  patterns of party loyalty.

Question 25

PARTY REALIGNMENT

Accepted Answer

The majority  party is displaced by the minority  party, thus ushering in a new party era.

Question 26

DIVIDED GOVERNMENT

Accepted Answer

A government  in which  one party controls the presidency while another party controls Congress. The pattern  of divided government  has dominated  U.S. politics since the early 1970's.

Question 27

INTEREST GROUP

Accepted Answer

An organization  of people whose members share views on specific interests and attempt  to influence public policy to their benefit.  Unlike political parties, interest groups do not elect people to office.

Question 28

POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE  (PAC)

Accepted Answer

A committee  formed  by business, labor, or other interest groups to raise money and make contributions  to the campaigns of political  candidates whom  they support.

Question 29

FREE RIDERS

Accepted Answer

People who benefit from  an interest group without  making any contributions. Labor unions and public interest groups often have a free-rider problem  because people can benefit from the group's activities without  joining.

Question 30

POWER  ELITE THEORY

Accepted Answer

The theory that a small number of very wealthy  individuals, powerful  corporate  interest groups, and large financial institutions  dominate  key policy areas.

Question 31

PLURALIST THEORY

Accepted Answer

The theory that many interest groups compete for power in a large number  of policy areas.

Question 32

HYPERPLURALIST THEORY

Accepted Answer

The theory that government  policy is weakened and often contradictory  because there are so many competing  interest groups.

Question 33

MASS MEDIA

Accepted Answer

Means of communication  such as newspapers, radio, television, and the Internet that can reach large, widely dispersed audiences.

Question 34

LINKAGE INSTITUTIONS

Accepted Answer

Institutions that connect citizens to government.  The mass media, interest groups, and political  parties are the three main linkage institutions.

Question 35

HORSE-RACE JOURNALISM

Accepted Answer

The tendency  of the media to cover campaigns by emphasizing  how candidates stand in the polls instead of where they stand on the issues.

Question 36

CONGRESSIONAL REDISTRICTING

Accepted Answer

The reallocation of the number  of representatives each state has in the House of Representatives.

Question 37

GERRYMANDERING

Accepted Answer

The legislative process by which  the majority  party in each state legislature redraws congressional districts to ensure the maximum  number  of seats for its candidates.

Question 38

INCUMBENT

Accepted Answer

An officeholder  who is seeking reelection.  The single most important  factor in determining  the outcome  of congressional elections.

Question 39

FRANKING PRIVILEGE

Accepted Answer

The right of members of Congress to mail newsletters to their constituents  at the government's  expense.

Question 40

STANDING COMMITTEES

Accepted Answer

Permanent subject-matter  congressional committees  that handle legislation and oversee the bureaucracy.

Question 41

CONFERENCE COMMITTEES

Accepted Answer

Temporary bodies that are formed  to resolve differences between House and Senate versions of a bill.

Question 42

HOUSE RULES COMMITIEE

Accepted Answer

The House Rules Committee  sets the guidelines for floor debate. It gives each bill a rule that places the bill on the legislative calendar, limits time for debate, and determines the type of amendments  that will be allowed.

Question 43

HOUSEWAYS AND MEANS COMMITTEE

Accepted Answer

House committee  that  handles tax bills.

Question 44

SENIORITY

Accepted Answer

Unwritten  rule in both houses of Congress reserving committee  chairs to members of the committee  with  the longest records of continuous  service.

Question 45

FILIBUSTER

Accepted Answer

A way of delaying or preventing  action on a bill by using long speeches and unlimited  debate to "talk a bill to death."

Question 46

CLOTURE

Accepted Answer

A Senate motion  to end a filibuster. Cloture requires a three-fifths vote.

Question 47

LOGROLLING

Accepted Answer

Tactic of mutual aid and vote trading  among  legislators.

Question 48

OVERSIGHT

Accepted Answer

Congressional review of the activities of an executive agency, department,  or office.

Question 49

DELEGATE  ROLE OF REPRESENTATION

Accepted Answer

When members of Congress cast votes based on the wishes of their constituents.

Question 50

CLOSED PRIMARY

Accepted Answer

A primary  in which voters are required to identify  a party preference before the election and are not allowed to split their ticket.

Question 51

FRONTLOADING

Accepted Answer

The recent pattern of states holding  primaries early in order to maximize their media attention  and political  influence. Three-fourths  of the presidential primaries are now held between  February and mid-March.

Question 52

SOFT MONEY

Accepted Answer

Contributions  to political  parties for party-building  activities. Soft money contributions  are used to circumvent  limits on hard money.

Question 53

527 GROUP

Accepted Answer

A tax-exempt  organization  created to influence the political process; They are not regulated  by the Federal Election Commission because they do not coordinate  their activities with  a candidate or party.

Question 54

VETO

Accepted Answer

The president's constitutional  power to reject a bill passed by Congress. Congress may override the veto with  a two-thirds vote in each chamber.

Question 55

LINE-ITEM VETO

Accepted Answer

The power to veto specific dollar amounts or line items from major congressional spending  bills. The Supreme Court struck down the line-item veto as an unconstitutional  expansion of the president's veto power.

Question 56

EXECUTIVE AGREEMENT

Accepted Answer

A pact between the president and a head of a foreign  state. Executive agreements do not have to be approved  by the Senate. However, unlike treaties, executive agreements are not  part of U.S. law and are not binding  on future  presidents.

Question 57

EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE

Accepted Answer

The president's power to refuse to disclose confidential information.  In United  States v.  Nixon  (1974),  the Supreme Court ruled that there is  no constitutional  guarantee of unqualified  executive privilege.

Question 58

LAME-DUCK PERIOD

Accepted Answer

The period of time  in which  the president's term is about to come to an end. Presidents typically  have less influence during  a lame-duck period.

Question 59

BUREAUCRACY

Accepted Answer

A large, complex  organization  of appointed  officials.

Question 60

EXECUTIVE ORDER

Accepted Answer

A directive, order, or regulation  issued by the president. Executive orders are based on constitutional  or statutory authority  and have the force of law.

Question 61

IRON TRIANGLE

Accepted Answer

An alliance among an administrative  agency, an interest group,  and a congressional committee.  Each member of the iron triangle  provides key services, information,  or policy for the others.

Question 62

ISSUE NETWORK

Accepted Answer

A network that includes policy experts, media pundits, congressional staff members, and interest groups who regularly debate an issue.

Question 63

POLICY AGENDA

Accepted Answer

A set of issues and problems that policy makers consider important.  The mass media play an important  role in influencing  the issues which  receive public attention.

Question 64

APPELLATE JURISDICTION

Accepted Answer

The authority  of a court to hear an appeal from a lower court.

Term	Definition
MAJORITY RULE	A fundamental democratic principle requiring that the majority's view be respected.
MAJORITY RULE	Nonetheless, the Constitution originally contained a number of provisions designed to limit this, including the electoral college, life tenure for Supreme Court justices, and the selection of senators by state legislators.
CHECKS AND BALANCES	System in which each branch of government can limit the power of the other two branches. For example, the Senate has the power to approve or reject presidential appointments to the Supreme Court.
UNITARY SYSTEM	System of government in which all power is invested in a central government
FEDERALISM	A system of government in which power is divided by a written constitution between a central government and regional governments. As a result, two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same geographic area and people.
EXPRESSED POWERS	Powers specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution. For example, the Constitution gives Congress the power to coin money, impose taxes, and regulate interstate commerce. Expressed powers are also called enumerated powers.
IMPLIED POWERS	Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. Implied powers are derived from the elastic or necessary and proper clause.
RESERVED POWERS	Powers not specifically granted to the national government or denied to the states. Reserved powers are held by the states through the Tenth Amendment.
COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM	Situations in which the national and state governments work together to complete projects. Also called fiscal federalism.
CATEGORICAL GRANT	Funds provided for a specific and clearly defined purpose.
BLOCK GRANT	Funds granted to the states for a broadly defined purpose. Because block grants shift resources from the federal government to the states, they contribute to the growing number of state and local government employees.
MANDATES	Rules telling states what they must do to comply with federal guidelines. Unfunded mandates require state and local governments to provide services or comply with regulations without the provision of funds.
DEVOLUTION	A movement to transfer the responsibilities of governing from the federal government to state and local governments.
POLITICAL CULTURE	A set of widely shared political beliefs and values. America's political culture is characterized by strong support for individual liberty, political equality, legal equality, the rule of law, and limited government.
POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION	The process by which political values are formed and passed from one generation to the next. The tam ily is the most important agent of political socialization.
PUBLIC OPINION	Attitudes about institutions, leaders, political issues, and events.
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY	A cohesive set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and the role of government.
POLITICAL EFFICACY	The belief that one's political participation makes a difference.
SPLIT-TICKET VOTING	Voting for candidates of different parties for different offices in the same election. Recent elections have witnessed a significant increase in split-ticket voting as the number of voters who identify themselves as independents increases.
POLITICAL PARTY	A group of citizens who organize to win elections, hold public offices, operate governments and determine public policy.
PLURALITY ELECTION	The winning candidate is the person who receives more votes than anyone else, but less than half the total.
SINGLE-MEMBER DISTRICT	An electoral district from which one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office. Th is type of electoral system typically leads to legislatures dominated by two political parties.
PARTY ERA	An historical period dominated by one political party.
CRITICAL ELECTION	An election when significant groups of voters change their traditional patterns of party loyalty.
PARTY REALIGNMENT	The majority party is displaced by the minority party, thus ushering in a new party era.
DIVIDED GOVERNMENT	A government in which one party controls the presidency while another party controls Congress. The pattern of divided government has dominated U.S. politics since the early 1970's.
INTEREST GROUP	An organization of people whose members share views on specific interests and attempt to influence public policy to their benefit. Unlike political parties, interest groups do not elect people to office.
POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEE (PAC)	A committee formed by business, labor, or other interest groups to raise money and make contributions to the campaigns of political candidates whom they support.
FREE RIDERS	People who benefit from an interest group without making any contributions. Labor unions and public interest groups often have a free-rider problem because people can benefit from the group's activities without joining.
POWER ELITE THEORY	The theory that a small number of very wealthy individuals, powerful corporate interest groups, and large financial institutions dominate key policy areas.
PLURALIST THEORY	The theory that many interest groups compete for power in a large number of policy areas.
HYPERPLURALIST THEORY	The theory that government policy is weakened and often contradictory because there are so many competing interest groups.
MASS MEDIA	Means of communication such as newspapers, radio, television, and the Internet that can reach large, widely dispersed audiences.
LINKAGE INSTITUTIONS	Institutions that connect citizens to government. The mass media, interest groups, and political parties are the three main linkage institutions.
HORSE-RACE JOURNALISM	The tendency of the media to cover campaigns by emphasizing how candidates stand in the polls instead of where they stand on the issues.
CONGRESSIONAL REDISTRICTING	The reallocation of the number of representatives each state has in the House of Representatives.
GERRYMANDERING	The legislative process by which the majority party in each state legislature redraws congressional districts to ensure the maximum number of seats for its candidates.
INCUMBENT	An officeholder who is seeking reelection. The single most important factor in determining the outcome of congressional elections.
FRANKING PRIVILEGE	The right of members of Congress to mail newsletters to their constituents at the government's expense.
STANDING COMMITTEES	Permanent subject-matter congressional committees that handle legislation and oversee the bureaucracy.
CONFERENCE COMMITTEES	Temporary bodies that are formed to resolve differences between House and Senate versions of a bill.
HOUSE RULES COMMITIEE	The House Rules Committee sets the guidelines for floor debate. It gives each bill a rule that places the bill on the legislative calendar, limits time for debate, and determines the type of amendments that will be allowed.
HOUSEWAYS AND MEANS COMMITTEE	House committee that handles tax bills.
SENIORITY	Unwritten rule in both houses of Congress reserving committee chairs to members of the committee with the longest records of continuous service.
FILIBUSTER	A way of delaying or preventing action on a bill by using long speeches and unlimited debate to "talk a bill to death."
CLOTURE	A Senate motion to end a filibuster. Cloture requires a three-fifths vote.
LOGROLLING	Tactic of mutual aid and vote trading among legislators.
OVERSIGHT	Congressional review of the activities of an executive agency, department, or office.
DELEGATE ROLE OF REPRESENTATION	When members of Congress cast votes based on the wishes of their constituents.
CLOSED PRIMARY	A primary in which voters are required to identify a party preference before the election and are not allowed to split their ticket.
FRONTLOADING	The recent pattern of states holding primaries early in order to maximize their media attention and political influence. Three-fourths of the presidential primaries are now held between February and mid-March.
SOFT MONEY	Contributions to political parties for party-building activities. Soft money contributions are used to circumvent limits on hard money.
527 GROUP	A tax-exempt organization created to influence the political process; They are not regulated by the Federal Election Commission because they do not coordinate their activities with a candidate or party.
VETO	The president's constitutional power to reject a bill passed by Congress. Congress may override the veto with a two-thirds vote in each chamber.
LINE-ITEM VETO	The power to veto specific dollar amounts or line items from major congressional spending bills. The Supreme Court struck down the line-item veto as an unconstitutional expansion of the president's veto power.
EXECUTIVE AGREEMENT	A pact between the president and a head of a foreign state. Executive agreements do not have to be approved by the Senate. However, unlike treaties, executive agreements are not part of U.S. law and are not binding on future presidents.
EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE	The president's power to refuse to disclose confidential information. In United States v. Nixon (1974), the Supreme Court ruled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege.
LAME-DUCK PERIOD	The period of time in which the president's term is about to come to an end. Presidents typically have less influence during a lame-duck period.
BUREAUCRACY	A large, complex organization of appointed officials.
EXECUTIVE ORDER	A directive, order, or regulation issued by the president. Executive orders are based on constitutional or statutory authority and have the force of law.
IRON TRIANGLE	An alliance among an administrative agency, an interest group, and a congressional committee. Each member of the iron triangle provides key services, information, or policy for the others.
ISSUE NETWORK	A network that includes policy experts, media pundits, congressional staff members, and interest groups who regularly debate an issue.
POLICY AGENDA	A set of issues and problems that policy makers consider important. The mass media play an important role in influencing the issues which receive public attention.
APPELLATE JURISDICTION	The authority of a court to hear an appeal from a lower court.
SENATORIAL COURTESY	An unwritten tradition whereby the Senate will not confirm nominations for lower court positions that are opposed by a senator of the president's own party from the state in which the nominee is to serve.
WRIT OF CERTIORARI	An order by the Supreme Court directing a lower court to send up the record in a given case for its review.
RULE OF FOUR	The Supreme Court will hear a case if four justices agree to do so.
STARE DECISIS	"let the decision stand." The vast majority of Supreme Court decisions are based on precedents established in earlier cases.
SOLICITOR GENERAL	is responsible for handling all appeals on behalf of the United States government to the Supreme Court.
AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF	A friend of the court brief filed by an interest group or interested party to influence a Supreme Court decision.
JUDICIAL RESTRAINT	Philosophy that the Supreme Court should use precedent and the Framers' original intent to decide cases.
JUDICIAL ACTIVISM	Philosophy that the Supreme Court must correct injustices when other branches of government or the states refuse to do so.
MONETARY POLICY	involves regulating the money supply, controlling inflation, and adjusting interest rates. Monetary policy is controlled by the Federal Reserve Board.
FISCAL POLICY	Raising and lowering taxes and government spending programs. Fiscal policy is controlled by the executive and legislative branches.
ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM	A government-sponsored program that provides mandated benefits to those who meet eligibility requirements. Social Security and Medicare are the government's largest entitlement programs.
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET (OMB)	responsible for preparing the budget that the president submits to Congress.
CIVIL LIBERTIES	Legal and constitutional rights that protect individuals from arbitrary acts of government. Civil liberties include freedom of speech and guarantees of a fair trial.
CIVIL RIGHTS	Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals. Civil rights include laws prohibiting racial and gender discrimination.
SELECTIVE INCORPORATION	The case-by-case process by which liberties listed in the Bill of Rights have been applied to the states using the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
ESTABLISHMENT CLAUSE	A provision of the First Amendment that prohibits Congress from establishing an official government-sponsored religion.
FREE EXERCISE CLAUSE	"A provision of the First Amendment that guarantees each person the right to believe what he or she wants. However, a religion cannot make an act legal that would otherwise be illegal. "
CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER TEST	Judicial interpretation of the First Amendment that government may not ban speech unless it poses an imminent threat to society.
WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS	A court order directing that a prisoner be brought before a court and that the court officers show cause why the prisoner should not be released.
BILL OF ATTAINDER	A legislative act that provides for the punishment of a person without a court trial.
EX POST FACTO LAW	A law applied to an act committed before the law was enacted.
EXCLUSIONARY RULE	Supreme Court guideline that prohibits evidence obtained by illegal searches or seizures from being admitted in court.
MIRANDA WARNINGS	Warnings that police must read to suspects prior to questioning that advises them of their rights.
STRICT SCRUTINY	Supreme Court rule that classification by race and ethnic background is inherently suspect and must be justified by a "compelling public interest."
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION	A policy requiring federal agencies, universities, and most employers to take positive steps to remedy the effects of past discrimination.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)	Established the principle of judicial review.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)	Strengthened the power of the judicial branch by giving the Supreme Court the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	Confirmed the right of Congress to utilize implied powers to carry out its expressed powers.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	Validated the supremacy of the national government over the states by declaring that states cannot interfere with or tax the legitimate activities of the federal government.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	Strengthened the power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	Established the commerce clauses role as a key vehicle for the expansion of federal power.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)	Struck down state-sponsored prayer in public schools.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)	Ruled that the Regents' prayer was an unconstitutional violation of the Establishment Clause.
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)	Struck down state funding for private religious schools.
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)	Ruled that state aid to church-related schools must meet three tests: ( a) the purpose of the aid must be clearly secular, (b) the government's action must neither advance nor inhibit religion, and
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)	Ruled that state aid to church-related schools must meet three tests (c) the government's action must not foster an "excessive entanglement" between government and religion.
Schenck v. United States (1919)	Ruled that free speech could be limited when it presents a "clear and present danger .... "
Schenck v. United States (1919)	Established the "clear and present danger" test to define conditions under which public authorities can limit free speech.
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)	Ruled that public officials cannot win a suit for defamation unless the statement is made with "actual malice." Established the "actual malice" standard to promote "uninhibited, robust, and wide-open" public debate.
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969)	Protected some forms of symbolic speech. Ruled that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate."
Texas v. Johnson (1989)	Ruled that flag burning is a form of symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)	Ruled that the Bill of Rights cannot be applied to the states.
Gitlow v. New York (1925)	Established precedent for the doctrine of selective incorporation thus extending most of the requirements of the Bill of Rights to the states.
Weeks v. United States (1914)	Established the exclusionary rule in federal cases. Prohibited evidence obtained by illegal searches and seizures from being admitted in court.
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)	Extended the exclusionary rule to the states. Illustrated the process of selective incorporation through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	Ruled that the Sixth Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	Illustrated the process of incorporation by which the Sixth Amendment was applied to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	Ruled that the police must inform criminal suspects of their constitutional rights before questioning suspects after arrest. Required police to read the rules to criminal suspects.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)	Ruled that African Americans were not citizens and therefore could not petition the Supreme Court. Overturned by the Fourteenth Amendment.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Upheld Jim Crow segregation by approving "separate but equal" public facilities for African Americans.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)	Ruled that racially segregated schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Reversed the principle of "separate but eouo!" established in Plessy v. Ferguson.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)	Ordered the Medical School to admit candidate based on race. Ruled that the medical school's strict quota system denied the equal protection guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)	Ruled that race could be used as one factor among others in the competition for available places.
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)	Upheld the affirmative action policy of the University of Michigan Law School. Upheld the Bakke ruling that race could be a consideration in admissions policy but that quotas are illegal.
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)	Ruled that a Connecticut law criminalizing the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. Established an important precedent for Roe v. Wade.
Roe v. Wade (1973)	Ruled that the decision to obtain an abortion is protected by the right to privacy implied by the Bill of Rights.
Baker v. Carr (1962)	Ruled that the judicial branch of government can rule on matters of legislative apportionment. Used the principle of "one person, one vote. Ordered state legislative districts to be as equal as possible.
Wesberry v. Sanders (1963)	Established the principle of "one person, one vote" in drawing congressional districts.
Wesberry v. Sanders (1963)	Triggered widespread redistricting that gave cities and suburbs greater representation in Congress.
Korematsu v. United States (1944)	Upheld the constitutionality of the relocation of Japanese Americans as a wartime necessity. Viewed by contemporary scholars as a flagrant violation of civil liberties.
United States v. Nixon (1974)	Ruled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege.
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)	Upheld federal limits on campaign contributions. Struck down the portion of the Federal Election Campaign Act limiting the amount of money individuals can contribute to their own campaign.
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)	Ruled that spending money on one's own campaign is a form of constitutionally protected free speech. Complicated congressional efforts to enact significant campaign finance reform.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964	Enforced the Fourteenth Amendment. Ended Jim Crow segregation in hotels, motels, restaurants, and other places of public accommodation.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964	Prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, or gender. Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to monitor and enforce protections against job discrimination.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964	Prohibited discrimination in employment on grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. Upheld by the Supreme Court on the grounds that segregation affected interstate commerce.
THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965	Outlawed literacy tests and other discriminatory practices that had been responsible for disenfranchising African American voters.
THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965	Provided for federal oversight of voter registration in areas with a history of discriminatory voting practices. Improved the voter registration disparity between whites and African Americans.
THE CLEAN AIR ACT (1970)	Increased the power of the federal government relative to the power of state governments. Established national air quality standards.
THE CLEAN AIR ACT (1970)	Required states to administer the new standards and to appropriate funds for their implementation. Included a provision allowing private citizens to bring lawsuits against individuals and corporations that violated the act.
THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION (1973)	Enacted to give Congress a greater voice in presidential decisions committing military forces to hostile situations overseas. Requires that the president notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops.
THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION (1973)	Requires the president to bring troops home from hostilities within 60 to 90 days unless Congress extends the time.
THE BUDGET AND IMPOUNDMENT CONTROL ACT OF 1974	Enacted to help Congress regain powers previously lost to the executive branch. Created the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) to evaluate the president's budget.
THE BUDGET AND IMPOUNDMENT CONTROL ACT OF 1974	Established a budget process that includes setting overall levels of revenues and expenditures.
THE FEDERAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN ACT (1974)	Created the Federal Election Commission. Tightened reporting requirements for campaign contributions. Provided full public financing for major party candidates in the general election.
AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT (1990)	Increased the power of the federal government relative to the power of the states. Requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities.
AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT (1990)	Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment. Extends the protections of the Civil Rights Act of 7 964 to people with physical or mental disabilities.
WELFARE REFORM ACT (1996)	Increased the power of the states relative to the federal government. Replaced the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program with block grants to the states.
WELFARE REFORM ACT (1996)	lllustrated the process of devolution by giving states greater discretion to determine how to implement the federal goal of transferring people from welfare to work.
NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT (2001)	Requires the states to set standards and measurable goals that can improve individual outcomes in education.
NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT (2001)	Requires the states to develop assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades. Represents a dramatic expansion of the federal role in education.
USA PATRIOT ACT (2001)	Expands the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism. Authorized searches of a home or business without the owner's or the occupant's permission or knowledge.
USA PATRIOT ACT (2001)	Increases the ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records.

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Chavez GOV Final