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Special Senses Ch 15
Olfaction, taste, visual system, hearing and balance - Seeley Ch 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why is the olfactory epithelium unique? | Neurons are replaced as they wear down. |
| The only major sense that does not go through thalamus | Olfactory Cortex |
| List the four types of papillae | Vallate, fungiform, foliate, and filiform |
| supporting cells surrounding taste (gustatory) cells that are replaced every 10 days | taste bud |
| List three factors that modify taste | Texture, temperature and olfaction |
| space between eyelids | Palpebral fissure |
| lateral and medial, eyelids meet | Canthi |
| produces tears to moisten, lubricate, wash. Tears pass through ducts and then over eye | Lacrimal gland |
| collect excess tears through openings called puncta | Lacrimal canaliculi |
| white outer layer of eye that maintains shape, protects internal structures, provides muscle attachment point, continuous with cornea | Sclera |
| Layer of stratified squamous epithelium on the outer surface of the eye. | Cornea |
| colored part of the eye, controls light entering the pupil | Iris |
| produces aqueous humor that fills anterior chamber | Ciliary body |
| Parasympathetic muscle that reduces the amount of light entering the eye | Sphincter pupillae |
| Sympathetic muscle that increase the amount of light entering the eye | Dilator pupillae |
| Pigment of this layer and choroid help to separate sensory cells and reduce light scattering. | Pigmented Retina |
| inner layer of rod and cone cells sensitive to light | Sensory Retina |
| area of greatest visual acuity in retina; photoreceptor cells tightly packed | Fovea |
| Small yellow spot on retina | macula lutea |
| Blind spot where blood vessels enter the eye | Optic disc |
| abnormal increase in intraocular pressure | Glaucoma |
| Posterior compartment: posterior to lens. Filled with jelly-like _________________. | vitreous humor |
| Aqueous humore is roduced by ____________ and returned to venous circulation through the _____________. | ciliary process and canal of Schlemm |
| The lens is held by _____________ attached to ciliary muscles. | suspensory ligaments |
| The lens changes shape as ___________ contract and relax. | ciliary muscles |
| portion of electromagnetic spectrum detected by human eye | visible light |
| bending of light | refraction |
| light striking a convex surface | Convergence |
| point where light rays converge and cross | Focal point |
| causing light to converge | Focusing |
| Normal resting condition of lens. Ciliary muscle is relaxed. Lens is flat. | Emmetropia |
| Point at which lens does not have to thicken to focus. 20 feet or more from eye. | Far point of vision |
| As objects move close to the eye, eyes are rotated medially. | Convergence |
| List the three layers of the sensory retina | Photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglionic |
| Produces black and white vision | Rods |
| Name the two components of rhodopsin | Opsin and Retinal |
| Responsible for color vision and visual acuity. | Cones |
| Visual pigment is ___________, there are three types that respond to blue, red and green light | iodopsin |
| elastic cartilage covered with skin of the external ear | Auricle or Pinna |
| The external ear canal is also called the _____________. | External auditory meatus |
| Thin membrane of two layers of epithelium with connective tissue between. Sound waves cause it to vibrate. Border between external and middle ear. | Tympanic membrane |
| Ear Wax | Cerumen |
| that opens into pharynx, equalizes pressure in middle ear | Auditory or eustachian tube |
| Ossicles that transmit vibrations from eardrum to oval window | Malleus, incus, and stapes |
| connection between middle and inner ear | Oval Window |
| Foot of the stapes rests on the oval window and is held in place by the ______________. | annular ligament |
| Fluid in the membranous labyrinth | Endolymph |
| Fluid in the space between membranous labyrinth and periosteum of bony labyrinth | Perilymph |
| Scala vestibuli extends from the oval window to the _____________ at the cochlear apex | helicotrema |
| Wall of scala vestibuli is the _____________. | vestibular membrane |
| Wall of scala tympani is the _______________. | basilar membrane |
| space between vestibular and basilar membranes, filled with endolymph | Cochlear duct |
| Near oval window basilar membrane responds to ________-frequency vibrations, Near helicotrema responds to ________-frequency vibrations | High, low |
| Their flux causes transduction of sound | stereocilia |
| sensory cells with hair-like projections at the apical ends | Hair Cells |
| Vibrations of the __________ in the scala vestibuli and of the endolymph in the _________________ are transferred to the perilymph of the scala ___________. | perilymph, cochlear duct, tympani |
| A reflex that protects hearing by contracting muscles during loud noises, controlled by cranial nerves V and VII. | Attenuation reflex |
| Evaluates position of head relative to gravity | Static Labyrinth (Vestibule) |
| Evaluates rate of movement of the head in three dimensional space | Kinetic labyrinth: semicircular canals |
| Name the three semicircular canals filled with endolymph | transverse plane, coronal plane, sagittal plane |
| The ________ is suspended over crista hair cells. Acts as a float displaced by fluid movements within semicircular canals. | Cupula |
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