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Wiz - Exam Study Pre
Wiz - A&P Exam Study Prep
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Myopia | near-sightedness |
| Olfaction | sense of smell |
| Cones | responsible for color vision |
| Rods | responsible for black/white vision |
| Hyperopia | far-sightedness |
| Innate Immunity | genetically determined immunity |
| Active Immunity | generated from illness exposure |
| Hypoxia | low supply of 02(oxygen) to tissues |
| Visceral Pleura | serous membrane lining organs(lungs) of thorax |
| Anoxia | no supply of/ lack of 02(oxygen) to tissues |
| Aldosterone | stimulates/increases reabsorbtion of sodium |
| Sodium (Na) | most abundant extracellular cation |
| Potassium (K) | most abundant intracellular cation |
| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) | inhibits/slows excretion of fluid (water retention in kidneys) |
| Nephrons | basic functional unit of kidneys |
| Urination | micturition |
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | associated with renin |
| Loop of Henle | regulation of sodium(Na) & H20 in the urine |
| Distal Convoluted Tube | active site for the secretion of ions & drugs |
| Proximal Convoluted Tube | reabsorbtion of nutrients occurs here |
| Collecting Ducts | respond to the hormone Aldosterone |
| Renal Cortex | urine production begins here |
| Renal Medulla | contains renal pyramids |
| Renal Pelvis | continuous with the ureter |
| Pyelonephritis | inflammation of kidney tissue |
| Aldosterone | secreted by adrenal cortex |
| Graft-versus-Host disease | condition where donor T cells attack recipient tissue |
| Mononucleosis | caused by Epstein-Barr virus |
| Lymphadenopathy | enlargement of lymph nodes |
| Lymphoma | cancer with abnormal lymphocytes |
| Apoptosis | genetically programmed cell death |
| Passive Immunity | immunity through breast milk |
| Active Immunity | immunity through vaccinations |
| NK cells | lymphocyte that attacks cancer cells |
| B cells | lymphocyte that stimulates antibody release |
| Spleen | largest mass of lymphoidal tissue |
| Dyspnea | difficult breathing |
| Apnea | cessation of breathing |
| Epistaxis | nose bleed |
| Tidal Volume (Vt) | normal inhalation & exhalation |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome | inadequate inhalation & exhalation |
| Pleurisy | inflammation of the pleaura |
| Atelectasis | collapsed lung |
| Thyroid cartilage | Adam's apple |
| Fi02 | inspired 02 concentration |
| What is the avg. total lung capacity? | 4-6 lpm |
| What is the avg. tidal volume? | 500mL |
| Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) | also called Korsakoff's psychosis (KP), is a continuation of Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) & includes retrograde amnesia & impaired ability to learn |
| Polyuria | excessive urine production |
| Type I Diabetes Mellitus | Insulin-dependent diabetes, commonly called juvenile-onset diabetes; requires admin. of insulin; less common than Type II, but more serious; accounts for most diabetes-related deaths; may result in medical emergency of diabetic ketoacidosis |
| Type I Diabetes Mellitus: Signs & Symptoms (S&S) | s&s(signs & symptoms) of constant thirst, excessive urination, ravenous appetite, weakness, & weight loss |
| Type II Diabetes Mellitus | non insulin-dependent diabetes, a.k.a. adult-onset diabetes; moderate decline in body's insulin production accompanied by markedly deficient response to insulin present in body; most common type of diabetes mellitus and less serious than Type I |
| Type II Diabetes Mellitus: S & S | s&s of obesity, increased weight/size of fat cells causes deficiency in # of insulin receptors per cell, making fat less responsive to insulin |
| Digestion | the chemical breakdown of ingested materials into simple molecules that can be absorbed by the cells of the digestive tract |
| Fracture | a break or crack in bone |
| Greenstick fracture | most common fracture in children, due to large amt. of cartilage in their bones; one side of bone is broken & the other side is bent |
| Torus fracture | occurs in children, but not most common; localized buckling or swelling(torus) of the cortex, with little little or no displacement of the bone itself |
| Transverse fracture | a fracture line perpendicular to the long axis of the bone |
| Oblique fracture | the break extends obliquely to the long axis of the bone |
| Spiral fracture | a.k.a. torsion fracture, occurs when a twisting force is applied to a long bone |
| Comminuted fracture | a bone at the fracture site has multiple bone fragments |
| Segmental fracture | an injury where there are multiple fracture sites along the axis of the bone, leaving a free-floating segment of bone between the 2 fracture sites; often mistakenly called comminuted fractures |
| Open fracture | a.k.a. compound fracture; skin is broken & a communication exists between the fracture site & the environment |
| Closed fracture | a.k.a. simple fractures; skin is not broken & there is no communication between the fracture & the environment |
| What is the most common type of hip fracture? | subcapital fracture(intracapsular hip fx) & intertrochanteric fracture(extracapsular hip fracture) |
| What is the most common forearm fracture? | Colle's fracture; the shape of the wrist after the injury often resembles a dinner fork |
| How are facial fractures categorized? | LeFort I, LeFort II, LeFort III, & LeFort IV |
| LeFort I fracture | fx to the maxilla at level of nares; only hard plate & upper teeth move with gentle palpation & mobilization |
| LeFort II fracture | triangular fracture line extends across ridge of cheeks & into orbits; mobilization of fractured segment will move nose, but not eyes |
| LeFort III fracture | a.k.a. cranial-facial disjunction; facial skeleton is separated from skull; entire face, including both orbits, shifts with palpation & gentle mobilization |
| LeFort IV fracture | similar to LeFort III fx, but fx line extends upward into frontal bones |
| 3 Phases of fracture healing | 1) inflammatory 2) reparative 3) remodeling |
| Addison's disease | disorder of the adrenal gland; disease caused by hyposecretion of corticosteroids, esp. glucocorticoids; pigment changes result from stim. of melanocytes by ACTH, structurally similar to MSH; progress. weakness, fatigue, decreased appetite, & weight loss |
| Addison's disease (cont.) | due to cortical distruction; due to autoimmune disease; similar to Grave's disease, in that it may be hereditary |
| Grave's disease | disorder of the thyroid gland; excess circulation of thyroid hormones; 6x more common in women than men with & onset typically in young adulthood(20s & 30s); |
| Grave's disease : S&S | agitation, emotional lability, insomnia, poor heat tolerance, weight loss despite increased appetite, weakness, dyspnea, & tachycardia or new-onset a-fib in absence of a cardiac history |
| Hepatitis A | fecal/oral |
| Hepatitis B | vaccine available |
| Hepatitis C | non curable |
| Hepatitis D, E, F, G | result from Hep C and are non curable; Hep E is similar to Hep A |
| S&S of Infectious Hepatitis | PTs develop low-grade fever, loss of appetite, & malaise; skin, sclera, & mucous membranes may become jaundiced due to accumulation of bilirubin in body; severe cases - signif. n/v can lead to dehydration as evidenced by tachy, dry mucous membranes, etc |
| What cells in the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon? | pancreatic islets |
| What organ is the male's primary sex organ? | testes |
| Name the only cell in the body that contains a tail. | flagellum; moves sperm cell from place to place |
| What is Oogenesis? | ovum(egg) production in females; a process which begins before birth, accelerates at puberty, & ends at menopause |
| Endometriosis | condition in which endometrial tissue is found outside the uterus, most commonly found in the abdomen & pelvis; the tissue responds to hormonal changes assoc. with menstrual cycle & bleeds cyclically, causing inflammation, scarring of adjacent tissues |
| S&S of Endomertriosis | usually seen in women ages 30-40; most common symptom-dull, cramping pelvic pain usually related to menstruation; dyspareunia & abnorm. uterine bleeding; painful bowel mvmts. if endometrial tissue has invaded GI tract |
| Hypothalmus | where the sex drive lives |
| Parturition | during labor, the forcible expulsion of the fetus from the uterus |
| 3 Stages of Labor | 1) dialtion stage, 2) expulsion stage, 3) placental stage |
| 1st Stage of Labor, during Labor & Delivery | 1) dilation: onset of labor, cervix dilates & fetus begins to slide down cervical canal; typically 8+ hrs; at start of this stage, contractions q 10-30 min and feq. increases steadily; late in stage - amnion ruptures "water break" |
| 2nd Stage of Labor, during Labor & Delivery | 2) expulsion: begins @ cervix, which is pushed open by approaching fetus, dilates completely; cont. 'till fetus emerges from vagina (usually takes -2 hrs; arrival of newborn into outside world is delivery a.k.a. "birth" |
| 3rd Stage of Labor, during Labor & Delivery | 3) placental stage: usually within 1 hr. after delivery - ejection of the placenta a.k.a. "afterbirth" |
| Dizygotic | "fraternal" twins; makes up about 70% of twins; when 2 eggs are fertilized @ same time & form 2 separate zygotes; can be same or diff. sexes |
| Spermatogenesis | a.k.a. sperm production; occurs within seminiferous tubules, each diploid primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis & produces 4 haploid spermatids, each spermatid then develops into a spermatozoon |
| Diploid | having a complete somatic complement of chromosomes (23 pairs in human cells); a cell containing both members of each chromosome pair - each cell & its daughter cell |
| Haploid | Possessing 1/2 the norm. # of chromosomes; a characteristic of gametes |
| Capacitation (of spermatozoa) | process of spermatozoa becoming motile(actively swimming) & fully functional; occurs after 1) mix with secretions of seminal vesicles & 2) are exposed to cond. inside the female reproductive tract |
| Corpora Cavernosa | erectile tissue of the male penis |
| Corpus Spongiosum | slender, surrounding of the urethra & extends to tip of penis where is forms the glans |
| Ectopic Pregnancy | abnorm. implantation of fertilized egg outside of uterus; accounts for approx. 10% of maternal mortality |
| Calcitriol | works together with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to elevate calcium levels in body fluids |
| Calcitonin | depresses calcium levels in body fluids |
| Calcium (Ca) | most abundant mineral in the body |
| Nutrition | absorption of nutrients from food |
| Deamination | preparation of an amino acid for breakdown in the TCA cycle; the removal of an amino group in a reaction that generates an ammonia molecule (NH3) |
| Transamination | attaches the amino group of an amino acid to another carbon chain, creating a "new" amino acid; enable a cell to synthesize many amino acids needed for protein synthesis |
| Cytoplasm | fluid component of cell |
| Golgi apparatus | packaging plant of cell |
| Lysosome | digests pathogens |
| ATP (amino triphosphate) | needed for active transport to occur |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | network of channels in cell |
| Ribosomes | synthesize proteins |
| Nucleus | controls metabolism |
| Centrioles | play a critical role in cell division |
| Chromatin | contains DNA |
| Cell membrane | are selectively permeable |
| Skeletal muscle contraction: Pre Step 1 | Pre Step 1) resting sacromere |
| Skeletal Muscle contraction: Step 1 | Step 1) active site exposure; the active site is exposed following the binding of calcium (Ca) ions to troponin |
| Skeletal Muscle contraction: Step 2 | Step 2) cross-bridge formation; the myosin cross-bridge forms & attaches to the exposed active site on the thin filament |
| Skeletal Muscle contraction: Step 3 | Step 3) pivoting of myosin head; the attached myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere, & ADP & a phosphate group are released |
| Skeletal Muscle contraction: Step 4 | Step 4) cross-bridge detachment; the cross bridge detach when the myosin head binds another ATP molecule |
| Skeletal Muscle contraction: Step 5 | Step 5) myosin reactivation; the detached myosin head is reactivated as it splits the ATP & captures the released energy |
Created by:
Wisniewski
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