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Clinical Pathology
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Blood collection for Dog | Jugular Cephalic Lateral Saphenous |
Blood collection site for Horse | Jugular Lateral Thoracic Transverse Facial |
Blood collection site for Cow | Coccygeal Vein |
Blood collection site for cat | Jugular Cephalic Medial Femoral |
Blood collection site for rabbit | Lateral Saphenous Jugular-stressful Cephalic-small volume Ear vein-Emergency only |
Clinical Chemistry | Measures the concentration of substances in bodily fluid |
Clinical Pathology | Diagnosis and evaluation of disease by studying samples from the body. |
5 Types of clinical Pathology equipment | Blood analyzer Refractometer Microscope Table top centrifuge Microhematocrite centrifuge |
Use of a refractometer | Measures TS(total solids) and SG(specific gravity) by comparing the concentration of the sample to distilled water. |
Define TS | Total solids AKA total protein. A crude measurement of the amount of protein in the blood, specifically albumin. |
Use of a microscope | Evaluate blood, urine, bodily fluids, parasitology. |
Use of a centrifuge | Used for separation and concentration |
Normal value for PCV | 35-45% |
How long to run a Microhematocrite centrifuge? | 3 minutes |
How long to run a table top centrifuge? | 8-10 minutes |
Define CBC and its components | Complete blood count. RBC count and morphology. WBC count. Platelet count. Hemoglobin. Hematocrit. |
Chemistry analyzer test examines? | B.U.N Blood urea nitrogen Creatinine Glucose |
Equipment used for blood draw? | Needle Syringe vacutainer-for large animals catheter |
Define fasted sample | Sample collected when the animal has not eaten in 8-12hrs |
Define postprandial sample | Sample collected after the animal has eaten. |
Palma vs serum | Plasma contains clotting factors |
Preserving whole blood | Refrigerated. Best results within 15 mins after collection. |
Preserving Plasma | Refrigerate only if testing will happen 12 hours later. Can be frozen. At room temp for testing. |
Preserving serum | Refrigerate after clotting (20-30 mins) |
Anticoagulant | Chemicals that prevent the formation of a blood clot. |
Purple top tube | EDTA: Anticoagulant. Used for CBC. |
Green top tube | Contains Heparin. Used if plasma is needed. |
Blue top blood tube | Contains sodium citrate. Used for blood stored for blood transfusions. |
Red top tube | No anticoagulant. Used when serum is required. |
Define Microtainer | Very small amount of anticoagulant in them. Used for exotics and small animals. |
Azotemia | An elevation of blood urea nitrogen BUN and serum Creatinine levels. |
Cystocentesis | Insert a needle into the bladder to collect sterile urine. |
Uremia | Clinical manifestations of significant renal disease. Clinical signs include vomiting, anorexia, lethargy. |
GFR | Glomerular Filtration Rate: the rate at which fluid and constitutes leave blood and become filtrate. |
B.U.N | Blood Urea Nitrogen |
Glucosuria | Glucose in the urine |
Oliguria | Decreased urine output |
Stranguria | Straining to urinate |
Pollakiuria | Increase in Frequency of urine production. |
Anuria | Not urinating |
Dysuria | Difficulty urinating |
Polyuria | Increased urination |
Hematuria | Bloody urine |
Four ways to collect a urine sample | Free catch Manual compression Catheterization Cystocentesis |
Red top container for urine means? | It is a sterile sample to be used for bacterial cultures. |
How long can urine be refrigerated for? | 6-12 hours |
Specific Gravity is the only test of | Renal function in a routine UA |
Renal Threshold | When tubular reabsorption of glucose can no longer keep up with the Glomerular filtration rate causing glucose to be present in the urine. |
Azotemia | Increased BUN/ Creatinine |
Uremia | Clinical manifestations of significant renal disease. |