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A&P II Cardio Blood
Ch. 11 Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The pH of blood is | slightly alkaline |
| What plasma proteins are important in maintaining the osmotic pressure of plasma? | Albumins |
| Plasma cells of the lymphoid system produce | immunoglobulins |
| The fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed is known as | Serum |
| Which plasma components are used for ATP production, growth, and cellular maintenance? | Organic Nutrients |
| A microliter of whole blood contains about how many red blood cells?(RBC) | 5 Million |
| primary sites of hemopoiesis from the second to the fifth month of development? (RBC) | Liver and spleen |
| Reticulocytes complete maturation & become indistinguishable from other mature RBCs about ________ after entering the circulation. | 24 hours |
| A single hemoglobin molecule can carry up to ________ molecule(s) of oxygen gas (O2). (RBC) | 4 |
| Erythropoiesis occurs in myeloid tissue, which is found in all the following bones except the | Skull and Clavicles |
| Erythropoiesis occurs in myeloid tissue, which is found in all the following bones | scapulae and ribs.vertebrae and sternum. pelvis and proximal limb bones |
| ________ are substances, often proteins, that can trigger an immune response. (Blood types) | Antigens |
| The normal immune system ignores surface antigens on self RBCs, which are also called | Agglutinogens |
| "universal recipients" because they lack anti-A or anti-B antibodies? | Type AB |
| "Universal Donor" | Type 0 |
| What leukocytes are granulocytes?(WBC) | Neutrophils |
| What leukocytes are involved in the body's specific defenses? | Lymphocytes (most abundant WBC) |
| Individual platelets circulate for how long before being removed by phagocytes? | 9 to 12 days |
| Plasma proteins known as clotting factors are converted to active enzymes by? | inactive proenzymes |
| pathways is slower and reinforces the initial blood clot, making it larger and more effective (stable)? | Intrinsic pathway |
| makes it easier for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells to make necessary repairs in damaged vessels? | Clot retraction |
| How long after an injury occurs do platelets begin to attach to sticky endothelial surfaces and exposed collagen fibers? | With in 15 seconds |
| Regarding leukocyte formation, which of the following cells are the immediate precursors to each of the mature granulocytes? | Band Cells |
| Cardiovascular System | Provides a system for rapid transport within the body |
| Cardiovascular System | pump (the heart) conducting system (blood vessels) fluid medium (blood): |
| Blood functions include | Transport of dissolved substances Regulation of pH and ions Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites Defense against toxins and pathogens Stabilization of body temperature |
| Plasma or | Liquid Component |
| Formed elements (cellular components) are | RBC, WBC , and Platelets |
| Blood 3 general Characteristics | 38*C (100.4*F) , High Viscosity, Slightly Alkaline pH (7.35-7.45) |
| Plasma makes up | 55% Whole Blood |
| Plasma proteins three classes | Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen |
| Extracellular fluids are | Interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma |
| Plasma Albumins (60%) | Transport: fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones |
| Plasma Globulins (35%) | Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins; transport Globulins |
| Clotting Factors (4%) | Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin |
| Plasma Proteins are | Enzymes |
| Origins of Plasma Proteins | Liver |
| Plasma resembles interstitial fluid but | unique mixture of proteins not found in other extracellular fluids. |
| half the volume of whole blood consists of | cells and cell products (the formed elements) |
| Hemopoiesis | cellular pathways by which the formed elements are produced. |
| Stem cells | Cells that divide and mature to produce all three classes of formed elements. |
| Erythrocytes or RBCs Make up about | 45% of whole blood volume |
| Erythrocytes or RBCs make up what % formed Element | 99.9% |
| The red pigment that gives whole blood its color | Hemoglobin |
| Binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide | Hemoglobin |
| the number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood | Red blood cell count |
| Hematocrit is | packed cell volume, PCV |
| percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood | Hematocrit |
| RBC are Biconcave discs they? | Bend and flex entering small capillaries (RBC) |
| RBCs transports | O2 and CO2 |
| RBC Lack | nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes |
| Live about 120 days | RBC |
| Protein molecule that carries respiratory gases; 95% of RBC protein are | Hemoglobin (Hgb) |
| Hemoglobin Structure is | Complex quaternary structure (Four globular protein subunits) |
| Hemoglobin Four globular protein subunits | Each one molecule of heme and Each heme contains one iron atom (Fe) |
| Iron atoms Associate | easily with oxygen (oxyhemoglobin) |
| Iron atoms Dissociate | easily from oxygen (deoxyhemoglobin) |
| Macrophages from the? | liver, spleen, and bone marrow & Engulf RBCs before membranes rupture (hemolyze) |
| Hemoglobin Recycling is | Phagocytes break hemoglobin , Hemoglobinuria,Hematuria |
| Phagocytes break hemoglobin into what components | Globular proteins to amino acids. Heme to biliverdin and bilirubin. Iron |
| Hemoglobinuria | Hemoglobin breakdown products in urine |
| Hematuria | Whole red blood cells in urine due to kidney or tissue damage |
| RBC Production Erythropoiesis: Occurs only in | myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in adults &Stem cells mature to RBC ; |
| Hemocytoblasts in Stem cells in myeloid tissue divide to produce: | Myeloid stem cells: become RBCs, some WBCs Lymphoid stem cells: become lymphocytes |
| Regulation of Erythropoiesis (RBC) requires: | Amino acids, Iron, Vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid (B4) |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) or | erythropoiesis-stimulating hormone |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) secreted | oxygen in peripheral tissues is low (hypoxia) Due to disease or high altitude |
| Blood Type : Antigens are called | A, B, and Rh (or D) |
| Blood Type: Antibodies in plasma react | with foreign antigens on RBCs RBCs clump and break open |
| Blood Type Determined by presence or absence of | antigens on surface of RBC |
| Blood types | A, B , AB , O |
| Blood antigens for A | A(antibody B) |
| Blood Antigen for B | B (antibody A) |
| Blood Antigen for AB | AB (antibody None) |
| Blood Antigen for O | O (antibody A&B) |
| Either Rh positive (Rh+) or Rh negative (Rh-) is | Rh Factor Also called D antigen |
| White Blood Cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes | Defend the body against Pathogens. Toxins. Abnormal cells. Damaged cells |
| Most WBCs or leukocytes in | Connective tissue proper |
| WBC or Leukocytes Perform diapedesis | Push between endothelial cells to enter tissues |
| WBC or leukocytes Exhibit chemotaxis | Attracted by chemicals released by bacteria or injured cells |
| WBC Consist of two groups: | Granulocytes (cytoplasmic granules), Agranulocytes (no granules) |
| (WBC) Three Types of Granulocytes | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
| (WBC Granulocytes) Neutrophils are | 50-70% of circulating WBCs (Phagocytic) |
| (WBC) Two Types of Agranulocytes | Lymphocytes & Monocytes |
| (WBC Agranulocytes) lymphocytes are about | 20-30% of circulating WBCs. lymphatic system,Provide specific defenses: Attack foreign cells, Produce antibodies Destroy abnormal (cancer) cells |
| (WBC Agranulocytes) Monocytes Migrate into tissues become macrophages | Engulf large particles and pathogens. Secrete substances that attract immune system cells and fibrocytes to injured area |
| Formed Element Platelets Released from | megakaryocytes in bone marrow into the blood |
| Formed Element Platelets are Cell fragments involved in | cessation of blood loss & Essential for hemostasis |
| Hemostasis cessation of bleeding in three phases are | Vascular, Platelet, Coagulation |
| Hemostasis Vascular phase is | Contraction of injured vessel (cut) |
| hemostasis Platelet phase is | Platelets stick to damaged wall and each other |
| hemostasis Coagulation phase is | Clotting factors in plasma form blood clot (thrombus) Starts 30 sec. or more after cut |
| hemostasis Coagulation pathways are | Extrinsic pathway (tissue Factor) & Intrinsic pathway (platelet Factor , Slow) |
| hemostasis Ex. & In. pathways lead to common pathway | (factor x) Thrombin converts fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin |
| Hemostasis Fibrinolysis | Slow process of dissolving clot : Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA): Convert plasminogen to plasmin: Digests fibrin strands |
| (WBCGranulocytes ) Eosinophils are | 2-4% of circulating WBCs, Phagocytic, Parasites and allergies |
| ( WBC Granulocytes ) Basophils are | < 1% of circulating WBCs, Release histamine and heparin |
| Production of WBCs in Bone Marrow Myeloid stem cells produce? | Granulocytes (three types) & Monocytes (future macrophages) |
| Production of WBCs in Bone Marrow Lymphoid stem cells Produce? | lymphocytes & Process called, lymphopoiesis Lymphocytes enter blood &Migrate to lymphoid tissues |
| Regulation of WBC Maturation Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are? | Hormones which regulate certain WBC populations Four CSFs. CSFs target stem cells. Several CSFs used with cancer patients with bone marrow suppression |
| Formed Elements Platelet counts | Thrombocytopenia: Abnormally low platelet count Thrombocytosis: Abnormally high platelet count |
Created by:
Laurzes
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