Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
WVSOM neurotrans
WVSOM neurotransmitters 2-4-09
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the life cycle of a neurotransmitter? | in the presynaptic nerve terminal, synthesis and packaging in vesicles, release, reuptake/recycling, release, receptor binding (covalent), receptor activation of 2nd messenger system in postsynaptic nerve terminal |
| If you have an action potential in the presynaptic neuron what does that do to calcium? | allows to enter and stimulate exocytosis of the neurotransmitter |
| Where do the neurotransmitters bind to proteins at? | the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron |
| What does the binding of neurotransmitters to the membrane cause? | channels to open that allow the nerve impulse to be propagated |
| What degrades the neurotransmitter? | presynaptic cell or glial cells (reuptake) |
| In order to be classified as a neurotransmitter what four things are needed? | synthesized in neuron, always released in sufficient quantities to induce response, undergo degradation process to stop signal, mimic action of endogenous neurotransmitter |
| What are the three main classes of neurotransmitters? | small molecule neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hydrophobic/gaseous neurotrasmitters |
| List the small molecule neurotransmitters? | glutamate(+), aspartate (+), GABA (-), glycine (-), Catecholamines, Serotonin, Histamine, Purines (ATP & Adenosine) |
| List the neuropeptides? | Opioid peptides – pain pleasure, Substance P |
| List the hydrophobic / gaseous neurotransmitters? | Nitric oxide, Arachidonic Acid |
| Where are the building blocks coming from, hexos found in most food items ? | Glucose |
| List the processes of small molecule neurotransmitters from start to finish? | synthesis of enzyme in cell body, axonal transport of enzyme, synthesis and packaging of neurotransmitter in terminal, release and diffusion of neurotransmitter, transport of precursors into terminal |
| List the steps of peptide neurotransmitters from start to finish? | synthesis of neurotransmitter precursors and enzymes in cell body, transport of enzyme and pre-peptide precursors down microtubule tracts, modification of enzymes in terminal end to produce peptide neurotransmitter, diffuses and degraded |
| What is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine? | acetylcholinesterase |
| What does acetylcholine break down into? | acetic acid and choline |
| What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing acetylcholine? | choline acetyltransferase |
| What is the starting material for acetyl CoA and choline? | glucose |
| What is the starting material for acetylcholine? | acetyl CoA and choline |
| What are the two receptors that recognize acetylcholine? | muscarinic, nicotinic |
| What does the binding of AChE to the cholinergic receptor result in? | an increase sodium influx and potassium efflux which leads to postsynaptic membrane depolarization |
| What is the muscarinic receptor referred to as? | metabotropic receptor |
| What mediates the mechanism of opening and closing ion transporters? | action of a G-protein signal transduction |
| What does botox do? | blocks acetylcholine release, muscle contraction and wrinkles |
| What happens when acetylcholine is released and able to bind to receptors on muscles? | muscle contracts, frown lines form |
| What causes the symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease? | areas of the brain tissue are damaged and some messages do not transmit |
| What is the rate regulation step for dopamine? | transformation of tyrosine to L-Dopa |
| What enzyme transforms tyrosine to L-Dopa? | tyrosine hydroxylase |
| What enzyme transforms L-Dopa to Dopamine? | DOPA decarboxylase |
| What are the two mechanism for degrading Dopamine? | MAO and COMT |
| What are the receptors for Dopamine? | D1-D5 |
| Where is dopamine degraded? | liver |
| What is needed to synthesize dopamine? | tyrosine or phenylalanine |
| What is the rate limiting step for the catecholamine biosynthesis? | tyrosine hydroxylase |
| What converts L-DOPA to Dopamine? | DOPA decarboxylase |
| What does the D1 receptor do after dopamine attaches? | activates a G-protein stimilatory subunit |
| What does the G-protein stimilatory subunit do? | it stimulates the adenylate cyclase |
| What is the end result of dopamine binding to the D1 receptor? | depolarizatino of postsynaptic membrane |
| What is the end result of dopamine binding to the D2 receptor? | hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane |
| What does dopamine binding to the D2 receptor cause? | activation of inhibitor G-protein |
| What are the symptoms of parkinson’s disease? | foward tilt of trunk, reduced arm swinging, shuffling gate with short steps, rigidity and trembling of head, rigidity and trembling of extremities |
| What causes parkinson’s disease? | exact cause not known but NPTP the drug made causes symptoms of |
| What does Cocaine do to dopamine re-uptake? | blocks the dopamine re-uptake transporter |
| Which enzyme transforms dopamine to norepinephrine? | DBH dopamine beta hydroxylase |
| What does norepinephrine do? | activates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors |
| Where is norepinephrine broken down? | in the liver by MAO and COMT |
| What happens when norepinephrine binds to beta andrenergic receptor? | activates g-protein stimulatory alpha |
| In order to produce norepi you need to have which enzymes? | dopamine beta hydroxylase, vesicular ATPase, positively charged neurotransmitter |
| What is needed to synthesize doamine in catecholamine biosynthesis? | tyrosine or phenylalanine |
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis? | tyrosine hydroxylase |
| What convertes L-Dopa to dopamine? | DOPA decarboxylase |
| What are the two pathways of degradation of Norepinephrine? | MAO and COMT |
| What does Norepinephrine degraded to? | VMA |
| What converts Norepi to epinephrine? | PNMT phenylethanol amine N-methyltransferase |
| Where is epinephrine degraded? | liver by MAO and COMT |
| Which receptors do epinephrine bind to? | alpha and beta adrenergic receptors |
| What happens when epinephrine binds to beta adrenergic receptor? | activation of G-protein stimulatory alpha |
| What is the starting material for serotonin? | tryptophan |
| What enzyme converts tryptophan to 5-HTP? | tryptophan hydroxylase |
| What enzyme converts 5-HTP to 5-HT aka serotonin? | 5-hydroxy tryptophan decarboxylase |
| What two pathways does serotonin take? | ionotropic and metabotropic |
| What receptors are for serotonin on the ionotropic pathway? | 5-HT3 Receptor |
| What receptors are for serotonin on the metabotropic pathway? | 5HT1, 5HT2, 5HT4, and 5HT7 |
| What gives rise to Serotonin? | Tryptophan |
| What aminoacids are used for the synthesis of serotonin? | tryptophan hydroxylase, dopa decarboxylase |
| What is glutamate synthesized from? | glutamine |
| What receptors does glutamate bind to? | NMDA, AMPA, Kainate, and mGlu1-mGlu8 |
| what third cell is involved in glutamate reuptake? | glial cell |
| What takes place in the glial cell? | glutamate gets converted into glutamine |
| What is involved in the production of GABA? | glutamate |
| What is the process in glial cell? | Glutamate to GABA then GABA is released, it binds to GABA A and GABA B |
| What is Aspartate? | an excitatory neurotransmitter |
| What is involved in aspartate synthesis? | oxaloacetate |
| What is Glycine? | major inhibitory neurotransmitter |
| What is involved in glycine synthesis? | serine |
| Where do we get glutamate, aspartate and GABA from? | from the TCA cycle in the mitochondria |
| Name the events from start to finish for aspartate? | glucose> fructose 1,6,bisphosphate> 3 – phosphoglycerate >pyruvate >TCA cycle > OAA >aspartate |
| Name the events from start to finish for glutamate? | glucose> fructose 1,6,bisphosphate> 3 – phosphoglycerate >pyruvate >TCA cycle > alpha ketogluterate> glutamate |
| Name the events from start to finish for GABA? | glucose> fructose 1,6,bisphosphate> 3 – phosphoglycerate >pyruvate >TCA cycle > alpha ketogluterate >glutamate> GABA |
| Name the events from start to finish for Glycine? | glucose> fructose 1,6,bisphosphate> 3 – phosphoglycerate > serine> FH4 >glycine |
| How are neuropeptides stored and how are they released? | vesicles and same as other neurotransmitters |
| What mechanism is used for migration of neuropeptides? | axoplasmic transport |
| What happens to the prepropetides as the vesicles move down the axon? | they are continually modified by enzymes including proteases |
| Once released what happens to the neuropeptides? | degraded using a series of proteases found within the extracellular space and the synaptic cleft |
| What are opiods primarily involved in? | pain control |
| List 4 different types of opiods and what they bind to? | met-enkephalin binds to the mu and delta receptors, leu-enkephalin binds to the mu and delta receptors, dynorphins binds primarily to κ receptors, beta-endorphin binds primarily to mu receptors |
| How many amino acids make up opiods? | 4 |
| How many amino acids make up Substance P? | 11 |
| How many amino acids make up somatostatin? | 13 |
| What is substance p thought to do? | depolarize neurons through the IP3 second messenger system |
| What is substance P involved in? | pain sensation |
| What is somatostatin involved in? | inhibiting the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland |
| What are the three enzymes of nitric oxide called? | N-NOS neuronal, E-NOS endothelial, I-NOS inducible |
| Is nitric oxide a free radical or bound? | free radical |
| What type of neurotransmitter is Nitric Oxide? | retrograde neurotransmitter |
| What does Nitric Oxide Elicit? | release of glutamine |
| Where is its main function going to? | postsynaptic neuron |
| What does nitric oxide cause? | relaxation of smooth muscles |
Created by:
hagerman
Popular Medical sets