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Ch. 27
Cardiology and Lymphatics
Question | Answer |
---|---|
what is hypertension commonly called | high blood pressure |
how is high blood pressure diagnosed | separate readings over several weeks above 140/90 |
what is prehypertension | 120-140 |
what i the difference between primary and secondary hypertension | secondary is caused by something else |
what happens to the coronary walls in CAD | they narrow |
at what point do symptoms of CAD develop | angina or heart attack |
what are symptoms of CAD | chest pain, nausea, vomiting, and diaphoresis |
how does angioplasty improve CAD | it widens the vessels |
what is the common name for myocardial infarction | heart attack |
what tests are done immediately to diagnose an MI | 12 lead ECG and blood test |
what is the most reliable test for heart muscle damage | troponin test |
what are some symptoms that women tend to have with a MI | nausea, shortness of breath, back or jaw pain, and sometimes chest discomfort |
which part of the heart is most affected by heart failure | left ventricle |
what are the most common signs and symptoms of heart failure | respiratory problems, edema, decreased O2% |
list three diagnostic tests for heart failure | echo cardiogram, chest xray, blood test |
who is at greatest risk for developing heart failure | African Americans and the elderly |
what is an aneurysm | abnormal dilation in the wall of a blood vessel by more than 50% |
where are the two most common places that aneurysms occur | the brain and abdominal aortic |
what are the symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm | sudden severe headaches and hemorrhagic stroke |
what are the symptoms of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm | pain in the abdomen or back |
what happens to the atria in atrial fibrillation | they quiver uncontrollably |
what age group is atrial fibrillation most common | over 70 |
what can happen to the blood in the atria in atrial fibrillation | blood can pool and clot |
what does an atrial fibrillation pulse feel like | rapid and irregular |
what are some symptoms of atrial fibrillation | shortness of breath, dizziness, and exercise intolerance |
what medication is usually prescribed for atrial fibrillation | digoxin |
why do varicose veins develop in veins and not arteries | be cause the blood flow is under low pressure |
what are some risk factors for developing varicose veins | obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting and standing |
what is another name for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | thrombophlebitis |
what are some contributing factors for developing DVT | clotting disorders, heart failure, estrogen use, pregnancy, and obesity |
what are some common signs and symptoms of DVT | dull ache, feeling of heaviness, and edema |
what diagnostic test is used to confirm DVT | compression ultrasound |
how is DVT treated | heparin or enoxaprin |
what do all forms of extreme shock lead to | hypotension |
what two things are always signs of shock | anxiety and decreased level of consciousness |
how is shock treated | blood transfusions, IV fluids, and vasoactive medications |
what is anemia | when hemoglobin level drops below a specific point |
who is most commonly anemic | women and those with chronic diseases |
can kidney failure cause anemia | yes |
what is the treatment for iron-deficiency anemia | iron and VC supplements |
what are the signs and symptoms of anemia | weakness, fatigue, light headed |
what is leukemia | malignancy of the blood |
which type of leukemia commonly affects children | ALL |
what does a blood test (CBC) show in leukemia | anemia, abnormal wbc count, platelets, and rbcs |
what is another name for Hodgkin disease | lymphoma |
what system does this cancer affect | lymph system |
how is it diagnosed | by finding giant reed-sternberg cells in biopsied lymph node |
what risk factors lead to 100 times greater risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma | previous treatments w/ immunposuppresive therapy |
what are some treatments for non hodgkin lymphoma | radiation, chemo, bone marrow transplant |
what organism causes AIDS | HIV |
how is HIV spread | direct contact through bodily fluids |
what are some common means of transportation of HIV | unprotected sex, sharing needles, and kids born to infected mothers |
what is the current life expectancy of a Pt with AIDS | 10 yrs from diagnosis |
what four things does the physician focus on during a cardiology exam | skin, heart and lung sounds and any edema |
what is an implantable cardioverter defibrillator do | helps Pts that have life threatening arrhythmias |
what is the purpose of a cardiac stress test | to evaluate the heart's response to physical exercise |
adenoma | tumor of a gland |
angioedema | swelling of a vessel |
vasorrhaphy | suture of a vessel |
aortostenosis | narrowing or stricture of the aorta |
arteriosclerosis | hardening of the artery |
atheroma | thick fatty tumor |
atrioventricular | pertaining to the atria and the ventricles |
tachycardia | condition of a rapid heart beat |
electrocardiogram | electrical recording of the heart |
hemolytic | pertaining to the destruction of the blood |
hematemesis | vomiting of blood |
lymphoma | lymph tumor |
phleborrhexis | rupture of a vein |
venostasis | stopping of a vain (refers to slowed blood flow) |
splenomegaly | enlarged spleen |
thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein in the presence of a cot |
ventriculostomy | mouth like opening in the ventricle |
bradycardia | condition of a slow heart |
microcardia | condition of a small heart |
supraventricular | pertaining to above the ventricles |
thrombocyte | clotting cell (also used for platelets) |
phlebocentesis | surgical puncture of a vein (phlebotomy) |
lymphedema | swelling caused by lymph fluid |
leukemia | a condition of white blood cells (refers to malignancy of the blood) |
hemogenesis | creation of blood |
angiography | recording of a vessel |
hematologist | specialist in the study of blood |
hemolysis | destruction of blood cells |
cardiomegaly | enlarged heart |
arteriole | small artery |
venule | small vein |
adenopathy | diseased gland |
erythrocyopenia | deficiency of red blood cells |
hemorrhage | bursting forth of blood (severe bleeding) |
anemia | reduction in the mass of circulating red blood cells |
aneurysm | dilation in the wall of a blood vessel due to weakness or a congenital defect |
angina | chest pain or pressure caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle |
arrhythmia | irregular heart rhythm |
atrial occlusion | blockage of blood flow through an artery |
atherosclerosis | condition in which fatty plaque deposits accumulate on the inner walls of arteries |
bruit | abnormal arterial or venous swishing sound heard on auscultation |
cardiomyopathy | any of several diseases that affects the heart muscle |
crackles | abnormal lung sound heard on auscultation that is produced by air passing over retained airway secretions or sudden opening of collapsed alveoli |
embolus | mass of undissolved solid, liquid, or gaseous matter floating in the blood |
endocarditis | infection or inflammation of the valves and inner lining of the heart |
ischemia | temporary reduction of blood supply to a localized area of tissue |
murmur | blowing or swishing sound in the heart due to turbulent blood flow or backflow through a leaky valve |
orthopnea | labored breathing that occurs when laying flat and is relieved by sitting upright |
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | episodic dyspnea at night that occurs repeatedly and without warning |
petechiae | small, purplish, hemorrhagic spots on the skin that appear in Pts with platelet deficiencies and in many febrile illnesses |
postphlebitic syndrome | condition sometimes following deep vein thrombosis in which the Pt experiences chronic edema and aching |
premature atrial contraction | heartbeat stimulated by a group of irritable cells in the atria other than the SA node |
premature ventricular contraction | heartbeat stimulated by a group of irritable cells in the ventricles |
primary hypertension | hypertension that has no identifiable cause; also called essential hypertension |
pulmonary edema | accumulation of fluid in the interstitium and alveoli of the lungs |
pulmonary embolism | obstruction of a pulmonary artery from an embolus |
rhonchi | low pitched snoring, squeaking, or gurgling sound heard during auscultation of the lungs and caused by partial airway obstruction from mucus |
secondary hypertension | hypertension caused by an identifiable factor |
shock | syndrome marked by inadequate perfusion and oxygenation of cells, tissues, and organs due to low blood pressure |
venous stasis | sluggish blood flow caused by venous congestion |
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | late stage infection with human immunodeficiency virus |
Hodgkin disease | malignant lymphoma characterized by giant reed-sternberg cells |
lymphadenopathy | enlargement and tenderness of lymph nodes due to local or regional infection or tumor growth |
lymphosarcoma | cancer of the lymphatic tissue not related to Hodgkin disease |
mononucleosis | acute infection with the Epstein Barr virus, which causes sore throat, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes |
non Hodgkin lymphoma | group of malignant tumors of B or T lymphocytes |
AIDS | acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
ASHD | arteriosclerotic heart disease |
BP | blood pressure |
CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
DVT | deep vein thrombosis |
HTN | hypertension |
INR | international normalized ratio |
LA | left atrium |
LV | left ventricle |
MI | myocardial infarction |
PAC | premature atrial contraction |
PND | paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
PTCA | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
PT | prothrombin time |
PVC | premature ventricular contraction |
RBC | red blood cells |
PTT | partial thromboplastin time |
RA | right atrium |
RV | right ventricle |
WBC | white blood cell |
PCP | pneumocystis pneumonia |