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Ch. 27
Cardiology and Lymphatics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is hypertension commonly called | high blood pressure |
| how is high blood pressure diagnosed | separate readings over several weeks above 140/90 |
| what is prehypertension | 120-140 |
| what i the difference between primary and secondary hypertension | secondary is caused by something else |
| what happens to the coronary walls in CAD | they narrow |
| at what point do symptoms of CAD develop | angina or heart attack |
| what are symptoms of CAD | chest pain, nausea, vomiting, and diaphoresis |
| how does angioplasty improve CAD | it widens the vessels |
| what is the common name for myocardial infarction | heart attack |
| what tests are done immediately to diagnose an MI | 12 lead ECG and blood test |
| what is the most reliable test for heart muscle damage | troponin test |
| what are some symptoms that women tend to have with a MI | nausea, shortness of breath, back or jaw pain, and sometimes chest discomfort |
| which part of the heart is most affected by heart failure | left ventricle |
| what are the most common signs and symptoms of heart failure | respiratory problems, edema, decreased O2% |
| list three diagnostic tests for heart failure | echo cardiogram, chest xray, blood test |
| who is at greatest risk for developing heart failure | African Americans and the elderly |
| what is an aneurysm | abnormal dilation in the wall of a blood vessel by more than 50% |
| where are the two most common places that aneurysms occur | the brain and abdominal aortic |
| what are the symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm | sudden severe headaches and hemorrhagic stroke |
| what are the symptoms of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm | pain in the abdomen or back |
| what happens to the atria in atrial fibrillation | they quiver uncontrollably |
| what age group is atrial fibrillation most common | over 70 |
| what can happen to the blood in the atria in atrial fibrillation | blood can pool and clot |
| what does an atrial fibrillation pulse feel like | rapid and irregular |
| what are some symptoms of atrial fibrillation | shortness of breath, dizziness, and exercise intolerance |
| what medication is usually prescribed for atrial fibrillation | digoxin |
| why do varicose veins develop in veins and not arteries | be cause the blood flow is under low pressure |
| what are some risk factors for developing varicose veins | obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting and standing |
| what is another name for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | thrombophlebitis |
| what are some contributing factors for developing DVT | clotting disorders, heart failure, estrogen use, pregnancy, and obesity |
| what are some common signs and symptoms of DVT | dull ache, feeling of heaviness, and edema |
| what diagnostic test is used to confirm DVT | compression ultrasound |
| how is DVT treated | heparin or enoxaprin |
| what do all forms of extreme shock lead to | hypotension |
| what two things are always signs of shock | anxiety and decreased level of consciousness |
| how is shock treated | blood transfusions, IV fluids, and vasoactive medications |
| what is anemia | when hemoglobin level drops below a specific point |
| who is most commonly anemic | women and those with chronic diseases |
| can kidney failure cause anemia | yes |
| what is the treatment for iron-deficiency anemia | iron and VC supplements |
| what are the signs and symptoms of anemia | weakness, fatigue, light headed |
| what is leukemia | malignancy of the blood |
| which type of leukemia commonly affects children | ALL |
| what does a blood test (CBC) show in leukemia | anemia, abnormal wbc count, platelets, and rbcs |
| what is another name for Hodgkin disease | lymphoma |
| what system does this cancer affect | lymph system |
| how is it diagnosed | by finding giant reed-sternberg cells in biopsied lymph node |
| what risk factors lead to 100 times greater risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma | previous treatments w/ immunposuppresive therapy |
| what are some treatments for non hodgkin lymphoma | radiation, chemo, bone marrow transplant |
| what organism causes AIDS | HIV |
| how is HIV spread | direct contact through bodily fluids |
| what are some common means of transportation of HIV | unprotected sex, sharing needles, and kids born to infected mothers |
| what is the current life expectancy of a Pt with AIDS | 10 yrs from diagnosis |
| what four things does the physician focus on during a cardiology exam | skin, heart and lung sounds and any edema |
| what is an implantable cardioverter defibrillator do | helps Pts that have life threatening arrhythmias |
| what is the purpose of a cardiac stress test | to evaluate the heart's response to physical exercise |
| adenoma | tumor of a gland |
| angioedema | swelling of a vessel |
| vasorrhaphy | suture of a vessel |
| aortostenosis | narrowing or stricture of the aorta |
| arteriosclerosis | hardening of the artery |
| atheroma | thick fatty tumor |
| atrioventricular | pertaining to the atria and the ventricles |
| tachycardia | condition of a rapid heart beat |
| electrocardiogram | electrical recording of the heart |
| hemolytic | pertaining to the destruction of the blood |
| hematemesis | vomiting of blood |
| lymphoma | lymph tumor |
| phleborrhexis | rupture of a vein |
| venostasis | stopping of a vain (refers to slowed blood flow) |
| splenomegaly | enlarged spleen |
| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein in the presence of a cot |
| ventriculostomy | mouth like opening in the ventricle |
| bradycardia | condition of a slow heart |
| microcardia | condition of a small heart |
| supraventricular | pertaining to above the ventricles |
| thrombocyte | clotting cell (also used for platelets) |
| phlebocentesis | surgical puncture of a vein (phlebotomy) |
| lymphedema | swelling caused by lymph fluid |
| leukemia | a condition of white blood cells (refers to malignancy of the blood) |
| hemogenesis | creation of blood |
| angiography | recording of a vessel |
| hematologist | specialist in the study of blood |
| hemolysis | destruction of blood cells |
| cardiomegaly | enlarged heart |
| arteriole | small artery |
| venule | small vein |
| adenopathy | diseased gland |
| erythrocyopenia | deficiency of red blood cells |
| hemorrhage | bursting forth of blood (severe bleeding) |
| anemia | reduction in the mass of circulating red blood cells |
| aneurysm | dilation in the wall of a blood vessel due to weakness or a congenital defect |
| angina | chest pain or pressure caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle |
| arrhythmia | irregular heart rhythm |
| atrial occlusion | blockage of blood flow through an artery |
| atherosclerosis | condition in which fatty plaque deposits accumulate on the inner walls of arteries |
| bruit | abnormal arterial or venous swishing sound heard on auscultation |
| cardiomyopathy | any of several diseases that affects the heart muscle |
| crackles | abnormal lung sound heard on auscultation that is produced by air passing over retained airway secretions or sudden opening of collapsed alveoli |
| embolus | mass of undissolved solid, liquid, or gaseous matter floating in the blood |
| endocarditis | infection or inflammation of the valves and inner lining of the heart |
| ischemia | temporary reduction of blood supply to a localized area of tissue |
| murmur | blowing or swishing sound in the heart due to turbulent blood flow or backflow through a leaky valve |
| orthopnea | labored breathing that occurs when laying flat and is relieved by sitting upright |
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | episodic dyspnea at night that occurs repeatedly and without warning |
| petechiae | small, purplish, hemorrhagic spots on the skin that appear in Pts with platelet deficiencies and in many febrile illnesses |
| postphlebitic syndrome | condition sometimes following deep vein thrombosis in which the Pt experiences chronic edema and aching |
| premature atrial contraction | heartbeat stimulated by a group of irritable cells in the atria other than the SA node |
| premature ventricular contraction | heartbeat stimulated by a group of irritable cells in the ventricles |
| primary hypertension | hypertension that has no identifiable cause; also called essential hypertension |
| pulmonary edema | accumulation of fluid in the interstitium and alveoli of the lungs |
| pulmonary embolism | obstruction of a pulmonary artery from an embolus |
| rhonchi | low pitched snoring, squeaking, or gurgling sound heard during auscultation of the lungs and caused by partial airway obstruction from mucus |
| secondary hypertension | hypertension caused by an identifiable factor |
| shock | syndrome marked by inadequate perfusion and oxygenation of cells, tissues, and organs due to low blood pressure |
| venous stasis | sluggish blood flow caused by venous congestion |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | late stage infection with human immunodeficiency virus |
| Hodgkin disease | malignant lymphoma characterized by giant reed-sternberg cells |
| lymphadenopathy | enlargement and tenderness of lymph nodes due to local or regional infection or tumor growth |
| lymphosarcoma | cancer of the lymphatic tissue not related to Hodgkin disease |
| mononucleosis | acute infection with the Epstein Barr virus, which causes sore throat, fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes |
| non Hodgkin lymphoma | group of malignant tumors of B or T lymphocytes |
| AIDS | acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
| ASHD | arteriosclerotic heart disease |
| BP | blood pressure |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis |
| HTN | hypertension |
| INR | international normalized ratio |
| LA | left atrium |
| LV | left ventricle |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| PAC | premature atrial contraction |
| PND | paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
| PTCA | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
| PT | prothrombin time |
| PVC | premature ventricular contraction |
| RBC | red blood cells |
| PTT | partial thromboplastin time |
| RA | right atrium |
| RV | right ventricle |
| WBC | white blood cell |
| PCP | pneumocystis pneumonia |
Created by:
rewebb
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