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Ch. 26
Neurology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are two other names for stroke | cerebrovascular accident and brain attack |
| list the two classifications of stroke with the symptoms of each | hemorrhagic- vessels in the brain ruptures and bleeds ischemic- caused by a blood clot symptoms are usually on the opposite side of the body than the brain injury. sudden paresthesia, weakness of one side of the body, vision loss, dysphasia, dysphagia |
| what diagnostic tests are done to help diagnose a stroke | computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) |
| when would a lumbar puncture help diagnose a stroke | when a hemorrhagic stroke has occurred a LP may reveal the presence of blood in CSF |
| what are some risk factors for transient ischemic attack | cerebrovascular disease, tobacco use, alcohol abuse, hyper tension, and clotting disorders |
| what food/ beverages are potential triggers for migraines | red wine, beer, aged cheese, chocolate, aspartame, and MSG |
| what are some non food/ drink triggers for migraines | stress, bright lights, fumes, perfumes, smoke, exertion, fatigue, environmental changes, and some medications |
| what is an aura | a sensory warning prior to a migraine |
| when would a doctor order a ct scan or an lp for a patient with migraines | if the headaches have a sudden, severe onset, or have changed significantly in frequency or character |
| what is a tonic-clonic seizure | usually lasts about 2-5 minutes, intense muscle tension followed by jerking movements, loss of consciousness, bowel and bladder incontinence, postictal state for up to an hour, characterized by fatigue, lethargy, and confusion |
| what is an absence seizure | lasts several seconds, PT appears to be conscious but isn't, no postictal state, more common in children, familial tendency |
| medications to treat epilepsy | phenytoin (dilantin), phenobarbital (luminal), carbamazepine (tegretol), valproic acid (depakene), and gabapentin (neurontin) |
| what is the most common cause of encephalitis | viruses |
| what are some symptoms of encephalitis | seizures, fever, abnormal reflexes, muscle weakness, paralysis, and confusion |
| why is a LP done on a patient with encephalitis | to determine the causative organism. |
| what are the two usual causes of meningitis | streptococcus pneumoniae and niesseria meningitides |
| what are the symptoms of meningitis | headache, high fever, stiff and painful neck, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, confusion and fatigue; and seizures |
| what are the symptoms of meningitis in infants | loss of appetite, vomiting, irritability, or lethargy |
| what are expected findings in CSF to diagnose meningitis | slightly cloudy due to WBC, protein, glucose, and bacteria |
| which type of meningitis has greater risk of causing brain damage, disability, and death | bacterial |
| what types of permanent damage can meningitis cause | brain damage and disability |
| which is more severe: cerebral concussion or cerebral contusion | cerebral contusion |
| what is a cerebral concussion | a vague term that refers to a brief loss of consciousness or brief episode of disorientation or confusion following a head injury |
| what is a cerebral contusion | bruising of the brain tissue |
| what is a contrecoup brain injury | a rapid acceleration followed by deceleration that throws the brain forward and then backwad. |
| what are some causes for spinal cord injuries | car accident, violence from a shooting or stabbing, fall, and injuries from sports |
| what causes autonomic dysreflexia | bowel or bladder distension |
| how does Parkinson disease affect the muscles | the muscles eventually become rigid |
| how does Parkinson disease affect walking | the individual develops a shuffling gate that tends to speed out of control with walking |
| how does Parkinson disease affect swallowing | swallowing becomes difficult and may lead to drooling |
| what is the most common form of Multiple sclerosis | relapsing-remitting |
| what part of the nervous system does ALS attack | motor neurons |
| what usually causes death in ALS PTs | respiratory complications |
| what is another name for ALS | Lou Gehrig's disease |
| what causes bell palsy | when the 7th cranial nerve becomes inflamed |
| what are the symptoms of bell palsy | some degree of paralysis that causes drooping of the face, twitching, weakness, drooling, eye dryness, impaired taste, excessive tearing, headache, ringing in the ears, and difficulty eating or drinking |
| what is the treatment of bell palsy | corticosteriods |
| how long can bell palsy last | up to 6 months |
| what are some diseases that can cause peripheral neuropathy | diabetes, alcohol abuse, AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus, ingestion of toxic substances and some drugs, and nerve injury from prolonged immobility or compression |
| what are the most common sensory symptoms of peripheral neuropathy | nerve pain and numbness |
| what are some symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome | tingling, itching, weakness, numbness, and pain that radiates up the arm |
| when is surgery recommended for carpal tunnel syndrome | if symptoms last longer than 6 months |
| what are some primary contributors to the development of of spinal stenosis | osteoarthritis, disk herniation, ligament changes, misalignment of vertebrae, spinal tumors, traumatic injuries, and disorders of bone tissue formation |
| where are the five locations that PTs might complain of pain, numbness, or cramping, due to spinal stenosis | legs, arms, back, neck, shoulders |
| what observations should the clinical medical assistant make about the neurology PT when preparing for a neurological exam | general appearance, hygiene, dress, and mood |
| what is the purpose of an EEG | to analyze the electrical activity of the brain |
| which neurological disorder is best evaluated by an EEG | seizure disorders |
| what does EEG stand for | Electroencephalogram |
| cerebrovascular | pertaining to the brain and vessels |
| encephalocele | herniation of the brain |
| glioma | glue like tumor |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges |
| meningioma | tumor of the meninges |
| myelography | process of recording activity in the spinal cord or bone marrow |
| neurocytoma | tumor of the nerve cells |
| spinal | pertaining to the spine |
| aphasia | absence of speech |
| anesthesia | absence of sensation |
| dysphagia | painful or difficult swallowing |
| hemiplegia | paralysis of half of the body |
| microcephaly | small head |
| polyneuritis | inflammation of many nerves |
| paraplegia | paralysis of two legs |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of four extremities |
| neuralgia | nerve pain |
| meningomyelocele | herniation of the meninges and spinal cord |
| meningeal | pertaining to the meninges |
| hyperesthesia | increased sensation |
| neurologist | specialist in the study of nerves |
| neurology | study of nerves |
| hemiparesis | slight or partial paralysis of half of the body |
| neuropathy | disease of the nerves |
| dysphasia | difficult speech |
| blepharoplegia | paralysis of the eye or eyes |
| blepharoptosis | drooping of the eyelid |
| atrophy | absence of growth |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | chronically progressive degenerative neuromuscular disorder that destroys motor neurons of the body; also called Lou Gehrig disease |
| bell palsy | disorder of the 7th cranial nerve that causes temporary weakness or paralysis of one side of the face |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | syndrome that is characterized by pain or numbness of the median nerve in the hand and forearm and caused by nerve compression and inflammation due to cumulative trauma from repetitive motion |
| encephalitis | disorder that involves inflammation of the brain |
| encephalomeningitis | disorder that involves both encephalitis and meningitis |
| epilepsy | chronic disorder of the brain marked by recurrent seizures, which are repetitive, abnormal electrical discharges in the brain |
| Huntington chorea | hereditary nervous disorder that leads to bizarre, involuntary movements, and dementia |
| meningitis | infection of the meninges and spinal cord and the cerebrospinal fluid, usually caused by an infectious illness |
| migraine headache | familial disorder marked by episodes of throbbing, severe headache that is usually unilateral and sometimes disabling |
| multiple sclerosis | chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, causing inflammation of the myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers |
| Parkinson disease | chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system that results in movement disorders and changes in cognition and mood |
| peripheral neuropathy | dysfunction of nerves that transmit information to and from the central nervous system with resulting pain, altered sensation, and muscle weakness |
| poliomyelitis | inflammation of the spinal cord caused by a virus, possibly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis |
| sciatica | severe pain of the sciatic nerve that radiates from the buttocks to the feet |
| shingles | unilateral painful vesicles that appear on the upper body and are caused by the herpes zoster virus |
| spinal stenosis | disorder that involves narrowing of an area of the spine that puts pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots |
| stroke | sudden loss of neurological function due to vascular injury to the brain, also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and brain attack |
| transient ischemic attack | temporary impairment of neurological functioning due to brief interruption in blood supply to part of the brain |
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| CT | computed tomography |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident; stroke; brain attack |
| EEG | electroencephalography |
| EMG | electromyogram |
| ICP | intracranial pressure |
| LP | lumbar puncture |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| MS | multiple sclerosis |
| PNS | peripheral nervous system |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
Created by:
rewebb
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