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Back Region
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The composition of lymp most closely resembles | interstitial fluid or tissue fluid |
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system ? | Drain excess interstitial fluid Transport dietary lipids Send immune responses to microbes & abnormal cells |
| How do lymphatic vessels travel in the skin and in the viscera? | In the skin : Close to the Veins In the Viscera : Close to the Arterys |
| Where are lymphatic capillaries located? | in between cells |
| What regions/organs do not have lymphatic capillaries ? | CNS, Parts of the spleen , Avascular tissue , Red bone marrow |
| Where does the thoracic duct begin ? | At the lower end ,as a dilation |
| Where does the thoracic duct deliver lymph to? | Left Internal Jugular Vein & Subclavien Veins |
| How much does the thoracic duct drain of body lymph? | 75% |
| Where does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph from ? | Right side of the body |
| Where does the thoracic duct receive lymph from ? | Left side of :The Head/Neck , Ribs & down, Left upper limb & Chest. |
| What are the primary lymphatic organs? | Red bone marrow & Thymus |
| Why are they called primary lymphatic organs? | They produce B & T Lymphocytes |
| What are the secondary lymphoid organs? | Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Nodules & Spleen |
| What organ filters lymph ? | Only lymph nodes filter lymph |
| What are the primary functions of the spleen? | Lymphocyte Proliferation Immune Surveillance & Response Cleanses Blood |
| What organ functions strictly in T lymphocytes maturation ? | Thymus |
| Vertebral body | Largest portion of vertebra |
| Vertebral Arch | Extends posteriorly from the vertebral body of the vertebra & surrounds the spinal cord |
| Pedicles | two short, thick processes form the base of the vertebral arch. Project posteriorly & unite with laminae. |
| Laminae | flat parts that join pedicles to form posterior of vertebral arch. |
| Spinous Process | projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae. |
| Transverse Process | junction of laminae & pedicle . extends posterolaterally |
| Sacrum | Triangular bone formed by 5 sacral vertebrae. foundation for pelvic girdle. |
| What condition is known as a herniated disc ? | Slipped disc, ruputured annalous firosus, nucleus pulposus , |
| Outer most meninx | Dura Mater. Dense irregular CT. Expands from foramen magnum to sacral vertebra. |
| Middle Meninx | Arachnoid Mater. CT. Spider web like. Collagen fibers & Elastic Fibers. Subdural space surrounds it & it is filled with interstitial fluid. |
| Innermost Meninx | Pia Mater. Attached to spinal cord & brain. CT. Collagen fibers & Elastic Fibers. Blood Vessels. |
| What is the epidural space ? | Provides protection for spinal cord |
| Where is the epidural space located ? | A space between the spinal dura mater and the vertebral canal, |
| What does the epidural space contain ? | containing areolar connective tissue and a plexus of veins. |
| Where is the sub-arachnoid space located? | a space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord |
| What does the sub-arachnoid space contain ? | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| Denticulate Ligament | membraneous extensions of the pia mater. |
| Filum Terminale | Extension of pia mater. attaches spinal cord and coccyx. |
| Conus Medullaris | Lower end of the spinal cord, tapering, cone shaped. |
| Cauda Equina | Roots of spinal nerves emerging from the lower part of the spinal cord traveling inferiorly. |
| The adult spinal cord extends only to which vertebral level? | L1-L2 |
| Where is the spinal tap normally performed ? | L4-L5 |
| What does white matter contain ? | bundles of myelinated axons of motor neurons , interneurons & sensory neurons |
| What does the gray matter contain? | consists primarily of cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia , unmyelinated axons & dendrites of interneurons & motor neurons. |
| What does the anterior horn contain ? | cell bodies of somatic motor neurons & motor nuclei. provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles |
| What does the posterior horn contain ? | contain somatic & autonomic sensory nuclei |
| What does the lateral gray horn contain ? | contain cell bodies od autonomic motor neurons. Regulate activites of involuntary effectors. (only present in thoracic, upper, lumbar & sacral segments ) |
| How many pairs of the Spinal nerves? | 31 |
| How many pairs of Cervical nerves? | 8 |
| How many pairs of Thoracic nerves? | 12 |
| How many pairs of Lumbar nerves? | 5 |
| How many pairs of Sacral nerves? | 5 |
| How many pairs of Coccygeal nerves? | 1 |
| What does a ventral root of a spinal nerve contain ? | Motor Neuron axons. Which transmit nerve impulses from spinal cord to effector organs and cells. |
| What does a dorsal root of a spinal nerve contain ? | Sensory Nevre Fibers. Which transmit nerve impulses from the periphery into the spinal cord. |
| How is a spinal nerve formed? | Formed by a root. Spinal nerve arises from Spinal cord as a series of small rootlets, which then become large roots. Each nerve is formed by merging of posterior and anterior root. |
| Where do spinal nerves exit ? | Intervertebral foramen. |
| What are the rami of the spinal nerves ? | Posterior ( Dorsal) Ramus Anterior (Ventral ) Ramus |
| What region does the posterior ramus serve ? | Deep muscle & skin of the posterior surface of the trunk. |
| What region does the anterior ramus serve ? | Muscles & structures of the limbs & the skin of the lateral & anterior surfaces of the trunk. |
| What are plexuses ? | The anterior rami of spinal nerves, except for thoracic nerves T2-T12, form networks on both right and left sides of the body that are called plexuses |
| Do the anterior rami from all of the spinal cord segments form plexuses? | No |
| How do the spinal nerves T2-T12 differ from all the other spinal nerves ? | They do not enter into foramation of plexuses & are called intercostal or thoracic nerves. |
| Dermatome | the area of the skin that provides sensory input to one pair of spinal nerves or to cranial nerve V (for the face and scalp) |
| Endoneurium | layer in which axons are wrapped |
| Perineurium | groups of axons with their endoneuria are arranged in bundles called fasciculi, and each fasciculus is wrapped in a layer called the perineurium |
| Epineurium | groups of fasciculi collectively form a nerve which is covered by a layer called the epineurium |
| What is a reflex arc ? | is a autonomic, rapid response to the internal or external stimuli |
| What are the components of a typical reflex arc? | Sensory receptor, Sensory neuron, Integrating center , Motor neuron, Effector |
| Sensory Receptors | responds to a stimulus by producing a receptor potential. |
| Sensory Neurons | axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating center. |
| Integrating Center | one or more regions of gray matter in CNS. |
| Motor Neuron | axon conducts impulses from integrating center to effector. |
| Effector | muscle or gland. |
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