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Gabbie Exam 2 A&P
BIO141 Ch 4 and Ch 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called ________. | dermal papillae |
| Where is thick skin found? | Palms of hands and soles of feet |
| In thick skin, dermal papillae lie on top of dermal ridges, which give rise to epidermal ridges called | friction ridges |
| The network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis is the | cutaneous plexus |
| The reticular layer of dermal folds at or near joints are | flexure lines |
| What cell is responsible for pigment production in the skin? | Melanocyte |
| What makes up the majority of hair and nails? | keratin |
| What is carotene? | yellow to orange pigment in the skin |
| The _________ in reticular layer are caused by many collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface. | cleavage (tension) lines |
| Extreme stretching of skin can cause dermal tears, leaving silvery white scars called | striae |
| What are sudoriferous glands? | sweat glands |
| What is the lunule? | thickened nail matric (half-moon) |
| What does melanin serves to protect cells from in the deeper layers of the epidermis? | UV (ultraviolet) radiation |
| What is the medical term for the cuticle? | eponychium |
| What is alopecia? | hair loss |
| The coarse, long hair found on scalp and eyebrows | terminal hair |
| The small band of smooth muscle attached to follicle that cause goose bumps | arrector pili |
| The actively dividing area of bulb that produces hair cells | hair matrix |
| area within scalp, where keratinization is still going on | root |
| The area that extends above scalp, where keratinization is complete | shaft |
| What are pili? | hairs - flexible strands of dead, keratinized cells |
| Blanching or pale color related to anemia or low blood pressure | pallor |
| Blue skin tone that can mean low oxygenation | cyanosis |
| The study of tissues is called | histology |
| secretions are discharged onto some external or internal body surface through | a duct |
| What accounts for most of the volume of connective tissues | extracellular matrix |
| What does nervous tissue do? | Allows for internal communication |
| What does muscle tissue do? | Contracts to cause movement |
| What is the function of epithelial tissue? | Forms boundaries; protection, absorption/secretion |
| What is the function of connective tissue? | Supports, protects and binds other tissues together |
| What are the two main forms of epithelia? | Covering and lining Glandular |
| What is the term for the surface of epithelium that is exposed to surface or cavity? (upper free side) | apical surface |
| What is the term for the lower attached side of epithelium that faces inwards toward body | basal surface |
| What is the adhesive sheet that holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells? | basal lamina |
| What is the reticular lamina? | Under the basal lamina - consists of collagen fibers |
| What are the 5 special characteristics of epithelial tissues? | Polarity (top & bottom); specialized contacts; AVASCULAR; supported by connective tissue; regeneration |
| Where do you find simple ethelium? | lungs |
| What are the two types of simple squamous epithelium? | Endothelium & mesothelium |
| Where do you find endothelium? | lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart |
| Where do you find mesothelium? | serous membranes in the ventral body cavity |
| Where do you find simple cuboidal epithelium? | kidney |
| Where do you find simple columnar epithelium? | digestive tract |
| Where do you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium? | trachea |
| Where do you find keratinized stratified epithelium? | skin |
| Where do you find nonkeratinized stratified epithelium? | mouth |
| Where do you find stratified cuboidal epithelium? | salivary glands |
| Where do you find stratified columnar epithelium? | male urethra |
| Where do you find transitional epithelium? | bladder |
| One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a _______ | secretion |
| What type of glands are internally secreting (example: hormones) | endocrine - ductless |
| What type of glands are externally secreting (example: sweat) | exocrine - ducts |
| What is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland? | goblet cells and mucous cells |
| What is an example of a multicellular exocrine gland? | salivary gland (you can have second servings) |
| A sugar-protein that can dissolve in water to form mucus, a slimy protective, lubricating coating | mucin- comes from unicellular exocrine gland |
| What makes up multicellular gland | duct and secretory unit |
| What is the difference between simple exocrine gland and compound exocrine gland? | Simple exocrine glands have unbranched ducts, compound glands have branched ducts |
| Which gland has both simple and compound exocrine glands? | Tubuloalveolar |
| How does an apocrine gland secrete? | accumulate products within, but only apex ruptures (mammary cells/glands |
| What is the most abundant type of tissue in the body? | connective tissue |
| Where do you find mesenchyme tissue | embryo - becomes connective tissue |
| What are the 3 main elements of connective tissues? | ground substance, fibers and cells |
| What is the most abundant and strongest type of fiber? | collagen |
| Which type of fiber allows for stretch and recoil? | elastin |
| Which type of cell is an immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers ? | "Blast" cells |
| What are "cytes" cells? | Mature, less active form of “blast” cell that now becomes part of and helps maintain health of matrix |
| What is the function of fat cells? | Destroy self-esteem - JK store nutrients |
| What is the function of white blood cells? | respond to injury and fight infection |
| What is the function of mast cells? | start local inflammatory response to foreign stuff |
| What are macrophages? | phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells and microorganisms |
| Where do you find areolar loose connective tissue? | under the skin |
| Where do you find adipose? | breasts |
| Where do you find reticular loose connective tissue? | spleen |
| What is the function of dense regular connective tissue? | great resistance to pulling |
| Where do you find dense regular connective tissue? | tendons |
| Where do you find dense irregular connective tissue? | joints & skin |
| Where do you find elastic connective tissue? | walls of large arteries |
| What type of cell makes the matrix for cartilage? | chondroblasts during growth ; adult cells are chondrocytes |
| Where do you find hyaline cartilage? | covers ends of long bones |
| Where do you find elastic cartilage? | external ear |
| Where do you find fibrocartilage | disc of knee joint |
| Is bone vascular? | yes - it contains blood vessels |
| Is cartilage vascular? | no |
| What is the most common blood cell in blood? | Red blood cells |
| Where do you find smooth muscle? | walls of hollow organs |
| Where do you find nervous tissue? | brain |
| What are eccrine (merocrine) glands | most common type of sweat gland - watery secretions |
| What are apocrine glands? | found in axillary and anogenital areas after puberty |
| What are mammary glands? | breasts - Got Milk? |
| What is sebum? | oily secretions on skin and hair |
| What is defensin | antimicrobial skin secretion in sweat |
| What helps skin protect the body? | Acid mantle (low pH); Sweat and oil glands; macrophages and physical barrier (stratum corneum) |
| The _________ layer of the skin blocks most water and is made up of flat, dead keratinized cells. | stratum corneum |
| The water the body makes during the day at rest | insensible perspiration |
| The water the body makes designed to cool the body | sensible perspiration |
| What vitamin is made in the skin and is required for Calcium absorption in the intestines? | Vitamin D |
| What is the most common and least malignant skin cancer? | basal cell carcinoma - cured by surgery |
| What type of skin cancer can metastasize and involves the stratum spinosum | squamous cell carcinoma - radiation and surgery |
| What are the immediate dangers of burns? | Dehydration, renal shutdown, infection |
| What is the "rule of nines?" | how to estimate how much of the body surface area has been damaged by burns |
| What is a first degree burn? | epidermis only |
| What is a second degree burn? | Epidermis and dermis |
| What is a third-degree burn? | full-thickness; all layers damaged |
| When are burns considered critical? | 25%+ of the body has 2nd degree burns OR 10%+ of the has 3rd degree s |
| What is mucosae? | membrane that lines body cavities that are open to the exterior (example: digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts |
| What is serisae? | membrane found in ventral body cavity |
| What is regeneration? | same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, so original function is restored |
| What is fibrosis? | connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, and original function lost |
| The layer of dense irregular tissue surrounding cartilage is | perichondrium |
| Cells that are encased in the lacunae in cartilage | chondrocytes |
| The type of cartilage that provides support, flexibility and also most common type of cartilage | hyaline |
| Cartilage found in external ear and epiglottis | elastic |
| Cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage and new matrix laid down on surface of cartilage | appositional growth |
| Chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within and new matrix is made within cartilage | interstitial growth |
| What minerals are stored in bone | calcium and phosphorous |
| What are the long bones | arms, legs, fingers, toes |
| What are the short bones | carpals (writst) and tarsals (ankle) |
| What type of bone forms within tendons | sesamoid |
| What are the flat bones | sternum, skull, scapula, ribs |
| What are the irregular bones | vertebrae and hip bones |
| What is another term for bone tissue | osseous |
| Where is trabeculae found | spongy bone - filled with red or yellow bone marrow |
| Where are osteons found | compact bone |
| What covers the outside of compact bone | periosteum |
| What covers the inside portion of compact bone | endosteum |
| What is a diploe | thin plate of spongy bone in short, irregular and flat bones (contains red bone marrow) |
| What is the diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| What are the ends of the long bones called? | epiphyses |
| What are the layers of the periosteum? | fibrous layer and osteogenic layer |
| What is in the medullary cavity? | In children - red marrow; In adults - yellow marrow (everything turns to fat when you get old :)) |
| The term for unmineralized bone matrix | osteoid |
| The cells that destroy bone | osteoclasts |
| Where are osteoclasts located | resorption bays |
| Another name for compact bone | lamellar bone |
| What is the term for the structural unit of compact bone? | osteon |
| An osteon cylinder consists of several rings of bone matrix | lamellae |
| Lamellae that are not part of osteon - incomplete lamellae | interstitial lamellae |
| These layers of lamellae extend around entire surface of diaphysis | circumferential lamellae |
| What is the function of trabeculae? | found in spongy bone - confer strength to bone |
| What are hydroxyapatites? | mineral salts found in bone - makes bone hard |
| What is osteogenesis? | process of bone formation |
| Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage | Endochondral ossification - long bones |
| Bone develops from fibrous membrane | Intramembranous ossification - skull |
| Bones increase thickness through | appositional growth |
| Long bones grow lengthwise by | longitudinal or interstitial growth |
| Bone lengthening stop at what age in females? | 18 yrs old |
| Bone lengthening stop at what age in males? | 21 years old |
| What is the most important hormone in stimulating the epiphyseal plate | growth hormone |
| Bone remodeling consists of what two actions | bone deposition and bone resorption |
| What cell makes new bone matrix | osteoblasts |
| What cell is responsible for resorption? | osteoclasts |
| What factors control bone remodeling? | Hormones, mechanical stress, |
| What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulate | osteoclasts to resorb bone (so this will increase blood calcium levels) |
| High blood calcium levels will cause the thyroid gland to release this hormone | calcitonin (this hormone will decrease blood calcium levels) |
| The _______ law states that bone growth or remodeling occurs in response to demands placed on them | Wolf's law |
| What controls whether or not bone remodeling occurs | hormones |
| What controls where bone remodeling occurs | mechanical stress |
| What is the term for a break all the way through? | complete fracture |
| What is the term for break that does not go all the way through? | incomplete fracture |
| What is the term for a fracture when the skin is penetrated (bone is poking through the skin)? | open or compound |
| What is the term for a fracture when the skin is not penetrated (bone is NOT poking through the skin)? | closed or simple |
| Term for realigning the end of broken bones that are displaced | reduction |
| The first step in fracture healing - torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called | hematoma |
| What are the four stages of fracture healing (probably not on your exam - so don't stress) But I put it on mine | hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling |
| Condition of soft bones in children | rickets |
| Condition of soft bones in adults | osteomalacia |
| Condition of thin, brittle bone | osteoporosis |
| Who is most at risk for osteoporosis? | post-menopausal women |
| Which hormone drops during menopause that plays a role in the risk of osteoporosis? | estrogen |
Created by:
DrGreimel
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