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Anatomy
Chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dense regular connective tissue holds together the ends of bones and bone parts; no joint cavity classifies which type of joint? | Fibrous |
| Pad of cartilage is wedged between the end of bones; no joint cavity classifieds what type of joint? | Cartilaginous |
| What type of joint classifications are at the ends of bones covered with articular cartilage; joint cavity separates the articulating bones; joint enclosed by an articular capsule, lined by a synovial membrane; contains synovial fluid | Synovial |
| Immobile joint | Synartrosis |
| Slightly mobile joint | Amphiarthrosis |
| Freely mobile joint | Diarthrosis |
| Fibrous, synarthrosis joints | Gomphosis and Suture |
| Fibrous, Amphiarthrosis joint | Syndesmosis |
| Cartilaginous, synarthrosis joint | Synchondrosis |
| Cartilaginous, amphiarthrosis joint | Symphysis |
| Synovial, Diarthrosis, Uniaxial joints | Plane joint, hinge joint, and pivot joint |
| Synovial, Diarthrosis, Biaxial joints | Condylar joint and Saddle joint |
| Synovial, Diarthrosis, Multiaxial (triaxial) joint | Ball-and-socket joint |
| Gomphosis are found... | Periodontal membranes hold tooth to bony jaw, tooth to jaw |
| Sutures are found... | Connects skull bones |
| Syndesmoses are found... | articulation between radius and ulna and between tibia and fibula |
| Synchondroses are found... | hyaline cartilage between bones, epiphyseal plates in growing bones; and costochondral joints. |
| Symphyses are found... | Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs |
| A double-layered capsule | articular capsule |
| outer layer of the articular capsule | fibrous layer |
| Inner layer of articular capsule | synovial membrane |
| Cartilage that reduces friction in the joint during movement, acts as a spongy cushion to absorb compression and prevents damage to the articulating ends of the bones. | Articular Cartilage |
| A space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid, permits separation of articulating bones. | Joint cavity |
| composed of secretions from synovial membrane cells and a filtrate from blood plasma | Synovial fluid |
| 3 functions of Synovial fluid | 1. Lubricates articular cartilage on articulation bones. 2. Nourishes the articular cartilage's chondrocytes. 3. Acts as a shack absorber distributing stresses and force evenly. |
| Connect one bone to another and strengthen and reinforce most synovial joints. | Ligaments |
| a fibrous, sac-like structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by a synovial membrane, designes to alleciate friction from body movement | Bursae |
| Elongated bursa that wraps around tendons where there may be excessive friction. | Tendon Sheath |
| Flattened or slightly curved faces slide across one another in intercarpal and intertarsal joints. | Planar joint |
| Concex feature of one bone fits into concave depression of another bone found in elbow, knee, and IP joints. | hinge joint |
| Rounded surface that fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone, found in atlantoaxial joints. | Pivot joint |
| Oval articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with a depressed oval surface on another bone, found in MP joints. | Condylar joint |
| Saddle-shaped articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with a saddle-shapped surface on another bone. Articulation between carpal and first metacarpal bone. | Saddle joint |
| round head of one bone rests within cup-shaped depression in another bone, found in glenohumeral and hip joints | Ball-and-socket joint |
| The angle between articulating bones decreases | Flexion |
| The angle between articulating bones increases | extension |
| Extension movement continues past the anatomic position | Hyperextension |
| The vertebral column moves (bends) in a lateral direction along a coronal plane. | Lateral flexion |
| Movement of a bone away from the midline. | Abduction |
| Movement of a bone toward the midline | Adduction |
| A continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession; the distal end of the limb or digit moves in a circle | Circumduction |
| Rotation of the forearm where the palm is turned posteriorly | Pronation |
| Rotation of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly | Supination |
| Movement of a body part inferiorly | Depression |
| Movement of a body part superiorly | Elevation |
| Ankle joint movement where the dorsum of the foot in brought closer to the anterior surface of the leg | Dorsiflexion |
| Ankle joint movement wherby the sole of the foot is brought toward the posterior surface of the leg | Plantar flexion |
| Twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole medially or inward | Inversion |
| Twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole laterally or outward | Eversion |
| Anterior movement of a body part from anatomic position | Protraction |
| Posterior movement of a body part from anatomic position | Retraction |
| Special movement of the thumb across the palm toward the fingers to permit grasping and holding of an object | Opposition |
| Ligament that runs from the femur to the fibula and prevents the leg from moving too far medially relative to the thigh. | Fibular collateral ligament |
| Ligament that runs from the femur to the tibia, prevents hyperabduction of the leg at knee (bowlegs) | Tibial collateral ligament |
| C-shaped fibrocartilage pads located on the condyles of the tibia, act as cushions between articular surfaces and continuously change shape. | Medial and lateral meniscus |
| Ligament that runs from the posterior femur to the anterior side of the tibia, prevents hyperextension. | Anterior crusiate ligament (ACL) |
| Ligaments that runs from the anteroinferior femus to the posterior side of the tibia, prevents hyperflexion of the knee joint. | Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) |
| Seen in middle-aged or older males, caused from an increase of uric acid in blood. causes crystals to accumulate and the body's response is joint pain. | Gouty Arthritis |
| Wear-and tear causes breakdown of joint resulting in bone rubbing. | Osteoarthritis |
| Seen i younger and middle-aged adults, a autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system targets its own tissues for attack. | Rheumatoid arthritis |
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