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Anatomy Chapter 20
The Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a heavy cushion of _____ normally encases each kidney and helps hold it in place. | fat |
| What percent of the total blood pumped by the heart each min. enters the kidneys | little more than 20% |
| One of the main functions of the kidney is to _____________ | remove waste products from the blood |
| outer part of the kidney | renal cortex |
| inner portion of the kidney | renal medulla |
| the triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidney | renal pyramids |
| an expansion of the upper end of a ureter | renal pelvis |
| a division of the renal pelvis | calyx |
| more than a million microscopic units called ____________ make up each kidney's interior; its function is to produce urine. | nephrons |
| the nephron is composed of two principal componets | renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| renal corpuscle: cup-shaped top of a nephron | Bowman capsule |
| renal corpuscle: network of blood capillaries tucked into the bowman capsule | Glomerulus |
| renal tubule: the first segment of renal tubule | proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) |
| the extension of the proximal tubule. Loop of Henle or nephron loop | Henle loop |
| the part of the tubule distal to the ascending limb of the Henle loop | Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) |
| a straight part of a renal tubule | Collecting Duct (CD) |
| adjusting fluid balance, excretion of nitrogenous waste products accumulated as a result of protein breakdown, also plays a key role in regulating the levels of many chemical substances in the blood | functions of the kidney |
| function in blood volume and blood pressure regulation | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| stimulates the production of additional red blood cells. | erthropoietin (EPO) |
| __________ movements that assist in moving urine through the ureters and into the bladder | peristalic |
| the lining is loosely attached to the deeper muscular layer so that the bladder is very wrinkled and lies in folds called _________ when it is empty | rugae |
| To leave the body, urine passes from the bladder, down the urethra, and out of its external opening | urinary meatus |
| urethra in males and females | females is shorter and has one function, males is longer and has two functions |
| micturition and voiding | urination |
| two __________ act as valves that guard the pathway leading from the bladder | sphincters |
| the internal sphincter is _______ | involuntary |
| the external sphincter is _________ | voluntary |
| the need to void may be noticed at volumes of | 150 mL |
| but voiding in adults does not normally occur much below volumes of | 350 mL |
| condition in which no urine is voided | urinary retention |
| kidneys do not produce any urine | urinary suppresion |
| involuntary voiding or loss of urine in an older child or adult | urinary incontinence or enuresis |
| occurs in the absence of any sensory warning or awareness | reflex incontinence |
| bed wetting at night | nocturnal enuresis |
| glomerular filtration normally occurs at the rate of | 125 mL per minute about 180 liters every day |
| what percent of 180 mL water that leaves the blood each day by glomerular filtration returns to the blood by proximal tubule reabsorption. | 99% |
| glucose in the urine | glycosuria |
| water retaining, output of urine down, blood pressure goes up | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and aldosterone |
| secreted from the heart, lose more water, increase of output of urine | atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) |
| absence of urine | anuria |
| scanty amounts of urines | oliguria |
| an unusually large amount of urine | polyuria |
| physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine | urinalysis |
| discomfort and painful burning urination | dysuria |
| pathological swelling or enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by blockage of urine outflow | hydronephrosis |
| kidney stones | renal calculi |
| traces of blood in urine | hematuria |
| inflammation of the urethra, STDs | urethritis |
| inflammation of the bladder | cystitis |
| refers to the need for frequent urination | overactive bladder |
| general term for kidney disease | nephritis |
| presence of proteins in the urine | proteinuria |
| swelling | edema |
| concentration of nitrogenous wastes in the blood is often assessed by _____________ | blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test |
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