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Anatomy Chapter 23
The Reproductive Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| reproductive cells (ovum, sperm) | gametes |
| reproductive cells fused together | zygote |
| essential organs for reproduction (testes, ovaries) | gonads |
| located in the scrotum, which is suspended outside of the body cavity behind the penis. 1-3 degrees cooler which is important for sperm production and survival. | testes |
| secrete the male sex hormone (testosterone) | interstitial cells |
| sperm production | spermatogenesis |
| secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone | anterior pituitary gland |
| type of cell division. 23 chromosomes | meiosis |
| sperm head, contains the nucleus with genetic material. It has a cap like structure containing enzymes that enable the sperm to break down the covering of the ovum | acrosome |
| masculinizes, development of male accessory organs, stimulating effect on protein anabolism. | testosterone |
| consists of a single and very tightly coiled tube. sperm develop the ability to move or swim. | epididymis |
| painful inflammation of the epididymis | epididymitis |
| tube that permits sperm to exit from the epididymis and pass from the scrotal sac upward into the abdominal cavity | vas deferens |
| passes through the substance of the prostate gland and permits sperm to empty into the urethra. | ejaculatory duct |
| term used to describe the mixture of cells or sperm produced by the testes. Usually 3-5 mL. 1mL= 20-100 million sperm. Slightly alkaline | semen |
| pouchlike glands that contribute about 60% of the seminal fluid volume. provides a source of energy for the highly motile sperm | seminal vesicles |
| lies just below the bladder and is shaped like a doughnut. secretes a thin, milk-colored fluid that constitutes about 30 % of the total seminal fluid volume, activates the sperm | prostate gland |
| cowper glands, mucus like secretions of these glands lubricate the terminal portion of the urethra to decrease friction damage to sperm at the time of ejaculation and contribute less than 5% of the seminal fluid volume. | bulbourethral glands |
| the skin of the distal end of the penis is folded doubly to form a loose-fitting retractable collar around the glans | foreskin |
| surgical removal of the foreskin | circumcision |
| abnormally low ability to reproduce | infertility |
| inability to reproduce | sterility |
| sperm count low. | oligospermia |
| possible factors for oligospermia | infection, fever, radiation, malnutrition, and high temperature in the testes |
| baby born with undescended testes | cryptorchidism |
| noncancerous condition common problem in older men. Characterized by an enlargement of the prostate gland | benign prostatic hypertrophy |
| surgical removal of a part of the prostate gland or the entire gland | prosatectomy |
| when the intestines push through the weak area of the abdominal wall that separates the abdominopelvic cavity from the scrotum | inguinal hernia |
| production of female gametes | oogensis |
| the ovary secretes sex hormones | estrogen and progesterone |
| development and maturation of female reproductive organs, breast development, development of body contours, initiation of the first menstrual cycle. | Estrogen |
| stimulates proliferation and vascularization of the epithelial lining of the uterus and acts with estrogen to initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty | progesterone |
| removal of ovaries | oophorectomy |
| surgical removal of uterus | hysterectomy |
| menstrual cramps | dysmenorrhea |
| absence of normal menstruation | amenorrhea |
| irregular or excessive uterine bleeding that most often results from either a hormonal imbalance or some type of structural problem that causes disruption of blood supply | dysfunctional uterine bleeding |
| occurs as either an acute or chronic inflammatory condition that can be caused by several different pathogens, which usually spread upward from the vagina | pelvic inflammatory disease |
| inflammation or infection of the vaginal lining | vaginitis |
| enlarged ovaries that usually are studded with fluid-filled cysts. high levels of testosterone | polycystic ovary syndrome |
| very common fluid-filled cysts that develop either from follicles that fail to rupture completely or from corpora lutea that fail to degenerate | ovarian cysts |
| lump removal | lumpectomy |
| removal of entire breast | mastectomy |
| virus: immune system impairment. | AIDS |
| fungus: yeast infection | candidiasis |
| virus: blisters on the skin of the genitals | genital herpes |
| virus: warts of the skin covering the genitals | genital warts |
| protozoan: intestinal infection | giardiasis |
| bacterium: involves the genital and urinary tracts | gonorrhea |
| virus: liver inflammation | hepatitis |
| bacterium: genital ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, headache, fever, and muscle pain | lymphogranuloma venereum |
| animal: itch mite | scabies |
| bacterium: chancre sores | syphilis |
| protozoan: urological infection | trichomoniasis |
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