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Chapter 3-5 Anatomy
Integumentary system, Musculoskeletal system, Cardiovascular system
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Integumentary System | Skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands |
| albin/o | white |
| bi/o | life |
| cry/o | cold |
| cutane/o | skin |
| cyan/o | blue |
| derm/o | skin dermat/o |
| diaphr/o | profuse sweating |
| electr/o | electricricity |
| erythr/o | red |
| hidr/o | sweat |
| icthy/o | scaly, dry |
| kerat/o | hard, horney |
| leuk/o | white |
| lip/o | fat |
| melan/o | black |
| myc/o | fungus |
| necr/o | death |
| onych/o | nail |
| pil/o | hair |
| phot/o | light |
| py/o | pus |
| rhytid/o | wrinkle |
| -derma | skin |
| -opsy | view |
| -tome | instrument used to cut |
| allo- | other, different |
| xeno- | strange, foreign |
| scler/o | hard |
| seb/o | oil |
| trich/o | hair |
| ungu/o | nail |
| vesic/o | bladder |
| xer/o | dry |
| Apocrine | sweat gland, regulates internal temp, has an odor, opens into the hair follicles located in pubic, anal, and mammary areas |
| Subaceous | oil gland, produces sebum which lubricates the surface of the skin, has no odor. |
| Epidermis | outer most layer of the skin, lowest layer is the Basal layer which contains melanocytes and blood vessels |
| Melanocyte | part of the basal layer of the epidermis. produces black pigment called melanin |
| Melanin | black color pigment of the skin |
| Dermis | middle layer of the skin, also called "true skin" or Corium. Contains blood vessels. |
| Corium | dermis |
| Subcutaneous | (Sub-q) also called Hypodermis, inner most layer of the skin. comprised of fatty tissue called Lipocytes to insulate the body. |
| Lypocyte | fatty tissue of the hypodermis (subcutaneous) layer of the skin |
| Dermatitis | inflammation of the skin |
| Dermatology/ Dermatologist | study of the skin/ skin specialist |
| Dermaplasty | surgical repair of the skin, skin graft |
| anhidrosis | abnormal condition of no sweat |
| necrosis | abnormal condition of death |
| erythroderma | red skin |
| leukoderma | white skin |
| pyoderma | pus skin |
| contusion | injury caused by a blow; swelling, bruising, and pain |
| cyanosis | blueish skin tint caused by deoxygenated blood |
| ecchymosis | a bruise; blood collecting under skin |
| erythema | red flushing of skin, more permanent |
| hirsutism | excessive hair growth |
| petechiae | spots from minute hemorrhages under the skin |
| purpura | skin hemorrhage due to fragile blood vessles |
| lasceration | torn or jagged wound |
| macule | flat, discolored spot on skin. birthmark |
| nodule | firm, solid mass larger than 0.5 cm |
| papule | small, solid raised spot smaller than 0.5 cm |
| pediculosis | lice infestation |
| alopecia | absence or loss of hair |
| furuncle | bacterial infection of the hair follicle. a boil |
| C&S | culture and sensitivity: test to grow bacteria to identify and sensitivity to antibiotics |
| allograft | skin graft from another person |
| autograft | skin graft from ones self |
| dermatome | instrument used for cutting skin or for producing thin transplants of skin |
| dermoplasty | skin grafting |
| BX, bx | biopsy- removal of tissue for pathology exam |
| First degree burn | reddened, minor swelling, painful, no blister, located on the epidermis |
| Second degree burn | reddened, painful, blisters, burned through to the dermis layer, adema |
| Third degree burn | Charred, no pain, burned through to the subcutaneous layer exposing the lypocyte |
| Skeletal System | bones and joints. Supports, protects internal organs, stores minerals, and produces blood cells |
| ankyl/o | stiff joint |
| arthr/o | joint articul/o |
| burs/o | sac |
| carp/o | wrist |
| cervic/o | neck |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| clavicul/o | clavicle |
| coccyg/o | coccyx |
| cortic/o | outer portion |
| cost/o | rib |
| crani/o | skull |
| femor/o | femur |
| fibul/o | fibula |
| ili/o | ilium |
| ischi/o | ischium |
| kyph/o | hump |
| lamin/o | lamina vertebra |
| lord/o | bent backwards |
| lumb/o | loin |
| mandibul/o | mandible, chin |
| maxill/o | maxilla |
| medull/o | inner portion |
| metacarp/o | metacarpals |
| metatars/o | metatarsals |
| myel/o | bone marrow |
| orth/o | straight |
| oste/o | bone pod/o |
| patell/o | patella |
| ped/o | foot |
| pelv/o | pelvis |
| phalang/o | phalanges |
| pub/o | pubis |
| radi/o | radius |
| sacr/o | sacrum |
| scapul/o | scapula |
| scoli/o | crooked, bent |
| stern/o | sternum |
| synovi/o | synovial membrane synov/o |
| tars/o | ankle |
| thorac/o | thoracic, chest |
| tibi/o | tibia |
| uln/o | ulna |
| vertebr/o | vertebra |
| -blast | immature, embryonic |
| -clasia | to break surgically |
| -desis | stabilize, fuse |
| -listhesis | slipping |
| -porosis | porous |
| Long bones | longer than they are wide, most common bone in body, ulna, femur |
| short bones | almost same length to width, carpals, tarsals |
| flat bones | plate shaped bones, sternum, pelvis |
| irregular bones | vertebrae |
| Diaphysis | central shaft to a long bone |
| Epiphysis | wide ends of a long bone. Distal is farthest from attachment, proximal is closest to attachment to body |
| Cancellous bone | spongy bone, produces red blood cells from red bone marrow |
| Axial Skeleton | head, neck, spine, chest, trunk |
| Appendicular Skeleton | pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper, and lower extremities |
| Vertebral Column | Cervical (7 vertebra), Thoracic (12 vertebra), Lumbar (5 vertebra), Sacrum (5 fused vertebra), Coccyx (3-5 fused vertebra) |
| Name the bones in the body starting from the Skull including vertebral column. | Skull, vertebrae. clavicle, scapula, ribs, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx. |
| Joint types | synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous. |
| Synovial | a type of joint, the most common in the body. free moving. |
| arthralgia | joint pain |
| arthrocentesis | puncture to withdraw fluid from joint |
| arthrodesis | fusion of a joint |
| anthrogram | record of a join |
| arthritis | joint inflammation |
| arthroscope | instrument to view joint |
| chiropractic | practice of treating a patient using manipulations of the vertebral column. |
| kyphosis | abnormal curve in thoracic spine, humpback |
| lordosis | abnormal curve in lumbar of spine, swayback, common in pregnant women |
| orthopedics | branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of the musculoskeletal system. |
| closed fracture | simple fracture, fracture with no open skin wound |
| Colles' fracture | a common wrist fracture |
| comminuted fracture | fracture where bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed |
| compound fracture | fracture with an open skin wound, open fracture |
| compression fracture | fracture with loss of height in vertebral column; often from osteoporosis |
| FX, Fx | fracture- broken bone |
| greenstick fracture | incomplete break |
| impacted fracture | bone fragments are pushed onto eachother |
| oblique fracture | fracture at an angle to the bone |
| pathologic fracture | fracture caused by disease or weakened bone |
| spiral fracture | fracture spiral around shaft of bone, often slower to heal |
| stress fracture | slight fracture caused by low-impact forces such as running |
| transverse fracture | complete fracture, fracture straight across bone |
| rickets | caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency resulting in bone deformities |
| OA | osteoarthritis- degeneration of bones and joints; bone rubbing on bone |
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune inflammation of the joints causing pain, swelling, stiffness, resulting in deformities |
| arthroscopy | viewing the interior of a joint using an arthroscope |
| Muscular System | skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles |
| Skeletal muscles | Fascia |
| Cardiac muscles | myocardium |
| fasic/o | fibrous band |
| fibr/o | fibers |
| kinesi/o | movement |
| my/o | muscle muscul/o myos/o |
| plant/o | sole of foot |
| tendin/o | tendon ten/o tend/o |
| -asthenia | weakness |
| -kinesia | movement |
| -tonia | tone |
| ab- | away from |
| ad- | towards |
| circum- | around |
| abduction | movement away from midline of body |
| adduction | movement towards midline of body |
| dorsiflexion | backward bending foot |
| plantar flexion | bending foot towards sole, pointing toes "plant your foot on the pedal" |
| myalgia | muscle pain |
| myocardial | heart muscle |
| myorhhaphy | suture a muscle |
| myorhhexis | muscle rupture |
| -rhhexis | rupture |
| -rrhaphy | suture |
| -rrhea | discharge, flow |
| -rrhage | abnormal flow, excessive |
| bradykinesia | slow movement |
| fibromyalgia | widespread pain to muscles and soft tissue. ("garbage" diagnosis) |
| Cardiovascular System | Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, |
| Layers of the Heart | Pericardium (outer fluid filled sack), Epicardium (first layer of muscle tissue), Myocardium (major middle layer of muscle), Endocardium (thin inner most muscle layer). |
| angi/o | vessels |
| aort/o | aorta |
| arteri/o | artery |
| ather/o | fatty substance |
| atri/o | atrium |
| cardi/o | heart |
| coron/o | heart |
| hemangi/o | blood vessel |
| phleb/o | vein |
| sphygm/o | pulse |
| steth/o | chest |
| thromb/o | clot |
| valvul/o | valve valv/o |
| vascul/o | blood vessel |
| vas/o | vessel, duct |
| ventricul/o | ventricular |
| -manometer | instrument to measure pressure |
| -ole | small |
| -tension | pressure |
| -ule | small |
| Systemic Circulation | Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the body and oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. |
| Pulmonary Circulation | Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and oxygenated blood from lungs to heart. |
| Atria | Superior and inferior vena cava, and pulmonary veins |
| Ventricles | Aorta and pulmonary artery. |
| Heart Valves | tricuspid, bicuspid (Mitral), and aortic. |
| Tricuspid Valve | Located between the right atrium and right ventricle. |
| Mitral Valve | Located between the left atrium and left ventricle. |
| Sinoatrial Node | Pacemaker. Controls the electrical impulses in the heart. |
| Path of Blood Flow | 1. R. atrium via superior/inferior vena cava 2. tricuspid to R.ventricle. 3. pulmonary artery to lung. 4. L.atrium via pulmonary veins. 5. Mitral to L.ventricle 6. aortic valve to body |
| Types of Blood Vessels | arteries, capillaries, veins. *Lumen is channel blood flows through |
| Arteries | carry blood away from heart. Thick walled *coronary arteries supply blood for the heart. |
| Capillaries | tiny thin walled vessels, connects arteries to veins |
| Veins | carries blood to heart. contains valves to ensure blood passes only towards heart. |
| Venules | Smallest vein in body |
| BP | blood pressure. |
| Systole | highest pressure value in a BP reading |
| Diastole | lowest pressure value in a BP reading |
| angiogram | record of a vessel |
| angiostenosis | narrowing of a vessel |
| bradycardia | abnormally slow heartbeat (rate) |
| electrocardiogram/graphy | record of the hearts electrical impulses/ process of. (EKG, ECG) |
| cardiomegaly | enlargement of the heart |
| cardiologist/ology | heart specialist/ study of the heart |
| tachycardia | abnormally fast heartbeat (rate) |
| venogram | record of a vein |
| auscultation | listening to the bodies sounds using a stethoscope |
| palpitations | pounding, racing heartbeats |
| arrhythmia | irregularity in the heartbeat |
| cardiac arrest | heart completely stops |
| CHF | congestive heart failure- L. ventricle is too weak to efficiently pump blood to the body |
| CAD | coronary artery disease- poor blood supply to myocardium due to coronary obstruction, causes angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction |
| Angina Pectoris | severe pain and sensation of constriction around the heart |
| firbrillarion | quivering of the heart muscle |
| MI | myocardial infarction- heart attack |
| myocarditis | inflammation of the heart muscle |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardial sac |
| aneurysm | weakness in the artery wall |
| embolus | a thrombus (blood clot) the has broken off and is moving through the veins |
| hemorrhoid | varicose veins of the anal region |
| HTN | hypertension- high blood pressure |
| thrombus | blood clot within a blood vessel, stationary. |
| varicose veins | swollen and distended veins. |
| Stress test | treadmill test. evaluate cardio fitness |
| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| AED | automated external defibrillator |
| Cicatrix | Scar |
| Tinea Capitis | ring worm |
| reduction | process of re-aligning bone fragments |
| EMG | electromyography- diagnostic test for heart muscle function |
| dual- energy absorptiometry | used to diagnose osteoporosis |
| akinesia | lack of movement |
| infarct | area of tissue that dies from necrosis |
| Cardiac Scan | Thallum is injected during xrays to view the heart. |
| pruritus | sever itching |
| subluxation | incomplete dislocatoin |
| talipes | clubfoot |
| cardiomyopathy | disease of the heart tissue and heart muscle |
| -dynia | pain |
| jaundice | yellowish skin and eyes |
| keloid | raised red scar tissue |
| psysiatrist | physical therapist |
| pulse | expansion and contraction of artery wall |
| venipuncture | blood draw |
| arterioles | small branch of arteries, carries blood to capillaries |
| circumduction | movement in a circular direction from a central point |
| coccyx | tailbone, 3-5 small fused vertebrae. at distal end of vertebral column |
| keratin | hard protein substance produced by body. in hair, nails and filling epidermal cells |
| os coxae | hip bone. consists of ilium, ischium, and pubis |
| periosteum | membrane that covers most bones |
| sudoriferous | sweat glands |
| sebum | oil secreted by the sebaceous glands |
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