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Chapter 8 & 9
Joints and Muscular System.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The body contains -- joints | 300 |
| Only bone without a joint is the -- | Hyoid bone in the neck |
| Joints are also called | Articulations |
| Joints may be classified according to how moveable they are.. | fixed, semi-movable, or freely movable. |
| Fixed joints | Are bound by fibers and are called fibrous joints. |
| Semi-movable joints | Are joined together by cartilage and are called cartilaginous joints |
| Fibrous joints | Also called Synarthroses |
| Cartilaginous joints | Two bones are joined by cartilage. These joints are slight movable. |
| Synovial joints | Also called diarthroses- are freely movable. |
| Joint Capsule | Extending from the periosteum of each of the of the articulating bone is a sheet of connective tissue that encloses the joint cavity |
| Synovial Membrane | This moist, slippery membrane lines the inside of the capsule, where it secretes synovial fluid. |
| Joint cavity | Small space between the bones allows for freedom of movement. It also contains Synovial fluid. |
| Articular cartilage | A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covers the bone surface |
| Ligaments | Tough cords of connective tissue help bind the bones more firmly together. |
| Some joints - such as the knee, shoulder, and elbow contain small sacs filled with | Synovail called Bursae |
| The body contains-- types of snyovial joins | Ball and socket joint pivot joint hinge joint saddle joint condyloid joint gliding joint |
| ball and socket joint | the ball shaped heard of one bone fits into a cup-like socket of another bone to form this joint. |
| pivot joint | the projection from one bone articulates with ring-shaped socket of another bone, allowing the bones to rotate. |
| hinge joint | just like a hinge door, these joints allow only back and forth movements (flexion and extension) |
| condyloid joint | an over convex surface on one bone fits into a similarly shaped depression on another. allows flexion and extension as well as side-to-side movement |
| gliding joint | the two bones surfaces- which are relatively flat- slide over each other. examples are - tarsal bones of the ankle, and carpal bones of the wrist. |
| Movements of Synovial joints | Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Dorsiflexion, Plantar flexion, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Internal Rotation, External Rotation, Supination, Pronation, Inversion, Eversion, Protraction, Retraction |
| Flexion | involves bending a joint so as to decrease the angle of the joint |
| Extension | involves straightening a joint, increasing the angle between the bones |
| Hyperextension | Is the extreme extension of a joint beyond its normally straight position |
| Dorsiflexion | Involves moving the toes or foot upward |
| Plantar flexion | Involves moving the toes or foot downward (toward the plantar surface) |
| Abduction | Is the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body |
| Adduction | Is the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body |
| Circumduction | In circumduction the distal end of the appendage, such as the arm or leg, moves in a circle |
| Internal Rotation | Occurs when a bone spins toward the body's midline |
| External Rotation | Occurs when a bone spins away from the body's midline |
| Supination | Is a movement that turns the palm upward |
| Pronation | Is a movement that turns the palm downward |
| Inversion | Is a foot movement that turns the sole medially, toward the other foot. |
| Eversion | Is a foot movement that turns the sole laterally, away from the other foot |
| Protraction | Moves a part forward |
| Retraction | Moves a part backward |
| Dislocation of shoulder | Shoulder is most likely to suffer a dislocation. Result from being jerked off the ground by one or more arms or from a forceful tug on the arm |
| Knee injury | The knee is surrounded by muscles, it's injured more often than the hip |
| Arthritis | referrs to inflammation of a joint. While theres 100 types of arthritis and related conditions |
| Osteoarthritis | Affects 85% of people over age 70. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Is an autoimmune disease which the body's antibody attacks the synovial membranes, leading to degeneration of the articular cartilage and thickening of the synovial membrane. |
| Hypertrophy | Enlargement of a muscle |
| Atrophy | Decrease size of muscle |
| Tendon | Strong fibrous cord though which a muscle attaches to a bone |
| Aproneurosis | Flat, broad tendon that attaches a muscle to another muscle or to a bone |
| Direct attachment | Muscle fibers merge with the periosteum of the bone, forming a strong attachment. |
| Indirect attachment | The epimysium extends past the muscle as a tendon (a strong, fibrous cord) the tendon then merges with the periosteum |
| 3 types of muscles | Cardiac, Smooth, Skeleton |
| Cardiac Muscle | Found in the heart. Consists of short, branching fibers that fit together at intercalated discs. appears striped, r striated, when viewed under a microscope |
| Smooth Muscle | Found in the digestive tract, blood vessels, bladder, airways, and uterus. Does not appear striped when viewed under a microscope, so is called nonstraited Known as involuntary muscle because it contracts automatically ( such as when the digestive tract |
| Skeleton Muscle | Attached to bone and causes movement of the body. Known as voluntary muscle because it can be contracted at will. Appears markedly striated when examined with a microscope |
| Inotonic Contraction | Muscle changes length and moves a load, while the tension within the muscle remains the same |
| Isometric Contraction | Tension in the muscle increases while the length stays the same. |
| Frontal | Raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularius Oculi | Sphincter muscles that closes the eye when blinking or squinting. |
| Zygomaticus | Draws the mouth upward when laughing |
| Orbicularis Oris | Closes the mouth and purses the lips such as when kissing |
| Buccinator | Assist in smiling and blowing (such as when playing trumpet or whistling) as well as chewing. |
| Chewing muscles-- | Temporals, Masseter |
| Temporal- | Aids in closing the jaw |
| Masseter | Closes job. |
| Muscles that make up the head | Sternocleidomastoid, Trapezius |
| Sternocleidomastoid | flexes the head (so it sometimes called the praying muscle) Rotates head to the opposite side wen only the muscle contracts. |
| Trapezius | Extends the head (such as when looking forward and flexes the head to one side or the other. also evaluates the shoulder |
| The face contains -- muscles | 30 |
| Muscles are the driving force behind the ability to.. | Breathe |
| External Intercostal | Lie superficially between the ribs; elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| Diaphragm | Enlarges the thorax to trigger inspiration |
| Internal Intercostal | Lie deeper than the external intercostal; depress the ribs during forced exhalation |
| External Oblique | Compresses the abdominal organs, which aids forceful expiration, vomiting, and defecation; also allows flexion of the vertebral column and rotation and lateral bending of the trunk |
| Rectus Abdominis | Flexes the lumbar region of the spinal column to cause bending forward at the waist; extends from the sternum to the pubic bone |
| Transversus Abdominis | Compresses the contents of the abdomen |
| Internal oblique | Stabilizes the spine and maintains posture, just like the external oblique muscles, also permits rotation of the waist. |
| Deltoid | Abducts, flexes, rotates the arm; involved in swinging the arm (walking or bowling) |
| Pectoralis Major | Flexes and adducts the upper arm, such as when climbing or hugging. |
| Serratus Anterior | Drives all forward- reaching and pushing movements; pulls the shoulder down and forward |
| Latissimus Doris | Adducts the humerus; extends the upper arm backward (such as when rowing or swimming); when grasping an object overhead, such as when climbing, serves to pull the body upward. |
| Rotator Cuff | Tendons of four muscles (attached to the scapula) form the rotator cuff. |
| Four muscles that make up the rotator cuff | Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis (on the anterior scapula) |
| The muscle that fled and extend the forearm are located on the.. | Humerus |
| Brachialis | The prime mover when flexing the forearm |
| Biceps Brachii | Assists the brachialis when flexing the forearm; also flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm (such as when opening a bottle with a corkscrew) |
| Triceps Brachii | The prime mover when extending the forearm |
| Brachioradialis | Helps the brachialis and the biceps brachii flex the forearm |
| Pronator muscles | Allow the arm to pronate (palm down). A supinator muscle. Lies deep in the forearm new the elbow; it joins forces with the biceps brachii to allow supination (palms up) |
| The Iliopsoas flexes the.. | Thigh, acting in opposition to the gluteus maximus |
| The term Iliopsoas refers to a combination of the following muscles | Iliacus and Psoas Major |
| The Sartorius is the | Longest muscle in the body |
| The adductor muscles rotate and draw the thigh in toward the body(Adduction) This group consists of the following muscles | Adductor Magnus Adductor Brevis Adductor Longus Gracilis |
| The Quadriceps femoris is the | Most powerful muscle in the body. Is the prime mover of the knee. |
| The Hamstrings are a group of muscles consisting of the following 3 muscles | Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus |
| The gluteal muscles consist of the following three muscles | Gluteus Medius Gluteus Maximus Gluteus Minimus |
| Gluteus Medius | Aducts and rotates the thigh outward |
| Gluteus Maximus | The bulkiest muscle in the body; it produces the backswing of the leg when walking and provides most of the leg when walking and provides most of the power for climbing stairs. |
| Gluteus Minimus | This muscle lies beneath the other two gluteal muscles |
| The gluteus medius is a common site for | Intramscular injections |
| Muscles in the lower leg are primarily responsible for | Moving the foot and ankle |
| The buldging calf muscle is the result of two muscles | The gastrocnemius (more superficial muscle) and the Soleus (the deeper muscle) |
| Strongest tendons in the body | The calcaneal or achilles tendon. |
| The extensor digitorum longus also extends the | toes and turns the foot outward (eversion) |
| Functions of Muscular system | Chemical reactions within muscle cells lead to body movement Helps maintain body posture and alignment Protects bones and internal organs Generates heat through exercise and shivering |
| Characteristics of Muscle tissue | Excitability- receives nerve impulses and responds to the stimulus Contractility- can be shorten Extensibility- can be lengthen Elasticity- can return to normal shape after shortening or lengthening. |
| Components of Muscle tissue | Muscles- tissue made of fibers that cause movement in organs and body parts Tendons- connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone Aponeurosis- broad sheet of connective tissue that attaches muscle to muscle. |
Created by:
kayley911
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