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Chapter 5
Integumentary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Types of Tissue | Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscular |
| What is Epithelial | Surface tissue, example: skin, inside of mouth and body cavities. Contains no blood vessels, so must depend on connective tissue beneath it for oxygen and nutrients. |
| Functions of Epithelial | Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion |
| Classification of Epithelial Tissue | By cell shape- (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) By layer- (simple and stratified epithelia) |
| Glandular Epithelium | Contains exocrine glands that secrete productions into ducts that empty to the surface of the body or into an organ. Example: tears, sweat glands, gastric juices. Contains endocrine glands that are ductless; they release hormones into the blood. |
| Connective Tissue | Most varied of all tissues; comes in many different forms. |
| 3 types of loose connective tissue | Areolar (lies beneath almost all epithelia) Adipose (contains mostly fat cells) Reticular (found in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow) |
| Dense Connective tissue includes | Tendons, ligaments, and fascia |
| Cartilage | rubbery, flexible matrix. 3 kinds hyaline (found at the ends of moveable joints and in the fetal skeleton) Fibrocartilage (found in discs between vertebrae in spine and in the knee joint) Elastic ( found in external ear and epiglottis) |
| Bone | Osseous tissue; also called hard tissue |
| Blood | Unique because it is a fluid and has no fiber, but is still classified as connective tissue. |
| Nervous tissue | Has a degree of excitability and conductivity which allows for rapid communication with other parts of the body. Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Contains 2 kinds of cells - neurons and neuroglia Provides network to carry nerve impulses. |
| 3 types of Muscles tissue | Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle. |
| Skeletal muscle | Attaches to bone and moves the body. Voluntary means you have control over the movements. |
| Cardiac muscle | Found only in the heart; contains intercalated disks for stimulation and contraction involuntary muscle- means you cannot control it. |
| Smooth muscle | Involuntary muscle; lines the walls of many organs in the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts. It is also present in the walls of the blood vessels to help control blood pressure. |
| Types of membranes | Mucous Cutaneous Serous |
| Mucous membrane | Line body surfaces that open directly to the exterior; includes respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts. Secrete mucus that acts as a protestant and lubricant. |
| Cutaneous membrane | Another name for skin |
| Serous membrane | lines some body cavities and covers organs within the cavity; secretes a thin fluid so movement can occur without friction; Parietal membrane lines the wall of a body cavity Visceral membrane covers organs in the cavity. |
| Several types of connective tissue membranes. | Synovial membranes found in the joint cavities Meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord Fascia membranes that separate or bind muscles Periosteum membrane that surrounds the bone Perichondrium membrane that surrounds cartilage |
| Tissue | Group of similar cells that perform a common function |
| Stem Cells | Specialized a cell that can differentiate into many different types of cells |
| Epithelium | The layer of cells forming the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous and serous membranes |
| Granulation tissue | Newly formed tissue inside a wound. |
| Mucous membrane | Epithelial membrane that lines the body surfaces that open directly to the body's exterior. |
| Osseous tissue | Bone tissue |
| Squamous epithelium | Epithelial tissue consisting of thin, flat cells |
| Serous membrane | Membrane composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on the thin layer of areolar connective tissue; lines also cover many of the organs in those cavities. |
| 4 types of tissue | Epithelial Connective Nervous Muscular |
| Epithelial Tissue | Is a continuous sheet of tightly packed cells; it covers the body's surface, lines the body cavities and many of the organs, and forms certain glands. The key functions of the tissue involves protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion. |
| Connective Tissue | Ranging from tough cords to elastic sheets to fluid- connective tissues performs a variety of tasks. |
| Nervous Tissue | Has a high degree of excitability and conductivity more so than other tissues, it's these characteristics that allow it to communicate rapidly with other parts of the body. Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. |
| Muscular Tissue | Consists of elongated cells that contract in response to stimulation. The body contains three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth. |
| Key functions of Epithelial Tissue | Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion |
| 3 cell shapes found in the epithelial tissue | Squamous- these cells are flat and plate-like (scaly) Cuboidal- These cells are cube-shaped and contain cytoplasm and squamous cells Columnar- Higher than they are wide, columnar cells are tall and cylindrical. |
| Difference between simple and stratified epithelia | Simple - every cell touches the basement membrane stratified- some cells stack on top of other cells and the upper layers of cells don't touch the basement membrane. |
| Two types of glands located in glandular epithelium | Exocrine Endocrine |
| Types of connective tissue | Collagenous fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers |
| Collagenous Fibers | These are strong and flexible but resist stretching; these are the most abundant fibers. |
| Reticular Fibers | These occur in networks and support small structures such as capillaries and nerve fibers |
| Elastic Fibers | Made of proteins called Elastin, these fibers can stretch and recoil like a rubber band. |
| How blood is differs from other connective tissues | Blood is unique amount the connective tissues in that it exists as a fluid. Composed of various types of blood cells surrounded by a liquid matrix ( called plasma), blood transports cells and dissolved substances from one part of the body to another unlik |
| Characteristics of Nervous tissue | Excitability and Conductivity.- these characteristics communicate rapidly with other parts of the body. |
| Steps of tissue repair | 1. When cut occurs, the severed blood vessels bleed into the wound. 2. A blood clot forms. 3. The healthy tissue surrounding the wound sends blood,nurtrients, proteins, and other materials for growing new tissue 4. Surface area generates new cells. |
| Dermis | The inner layer, deeper layer composed of connective tissue. |
| Epidermis | Outermost layer- consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue. |
| "Hypodermis" | A.K.A subcutaneous |
| Apocrine glands | Glands located mainly in the axillary and anogenital areas that secrete sweat in response to stress and sexual stimulation |
| Ceruminous gland | Glad in the external ear canal that secretes waxy cerumen |
| Eccrine glands | Glands located throughout the body that secretes sweat directly onto the skin's surface, which helps control temperature. |
| Hair follicle | The sheath of epidermis surrounding each hair |
| Keratin | A tough, fibrous protein that provides structural strength to the skin, hair and nails |
| Melanin | Pigment produced by melanocytes that gives color to the hair and skin |
| Sebaceous gland | Glands that secrete an oily substance called sebum into each hair follicle |
| Stratum basale | Innermost layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are germinated |
| Stratum corneum | The innermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead, flattened cells called keratinocytes |
| Subcutaneous | Beneath the skin. |
| Role of Melanin | Scattered throughout the basal layer of the epidermis are cells called melanocytes- these speical cells produce a substance called melanin. |
| A persons skin color is determined by the amount, and type of what? | Melanin. |
| What is Cyanosis | Skin tone- blue tint Cause- a deficiency of oxygen in circulating blood. |
| What is Jaundice | Skin tone- Yellow discoloration of skin and the whites of the eyes. Cause- Impaired liver function |
| What is Bronzing | Skin tone- Golden brown skin color Cause- A deficiency of hormones from the adrenal glad, such as occurs with addison disease. |
| What is Albinism | Skin tone- Extremely pale skin Cause- Condition lack of melanin |
| What is Erythema | Skin tone- Abnormal redness Cause- Increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels close the the skin's surface; may result from heat, exercise, or emotions such as embarrassment or anger. |
| What is Pollar | Skin tone- Pale skin Cause- Blood flow, such as occurs from cold temps, fear or emotional stress, low blood pressure, or blood loss. |
| What is Bruise | Skin tone- Bluish, black, yellowish mark on the skin. |
| Functions of the skin | Protection Barrier Vitamin D production Sensory Perception Thermoregulation |
| Protection | Prevents microorganisms, as well as many harmful chemicals, from invading the body. |
| Barrier | Keeps the body from absorbing excess water, such as when swimming or bathing |
| Vitamin D Production | Initiates the production of vitamin D when exposed to UV light. |
| Sensory Perception | Contains millions of sensory nerve fibers, allowing for perception of temperature, touch, pressure, pain and vibration |
| Thermoregulation | Contains nerves that cause blood vessels in the skin to dilate or constrict to regulate heat loss. |
| Hair occurs everywhere in the body except for a few locations.. | Palms Soles Lips Nipples and some areas of the genitals |
| The shaft | Is the part of the hair that extends above the skins surface. |
| Hair follicle | Each hair lies within a sheath of epidermis. Hair follicles have rich nerve and blood supply |
| Barried in the dermis is the hair | Bulb or root. |
| At the base of the hair is a cluster of connective tissue and blood vessles called | Papilla |
| Attached to each hair follicle is a small bundle of smooth muscle called Also causes you to get goose bumps. | Arrector pill. (standing on end) |
| 2 types of Melanin | Eumelanin Pheomelanin |
| Excessive hair loss | Alopecia |
| Nails | consist of densely packed, heavily keratinized epithelia cells |
| Cuticle | A fold of skin, it surrounds the nail body |
| Nail body | The visible part of the nail |
| Lunula | Is a crescent shaped white area at the base of the nail |
| Nail bed | Is the layer of epithelium under the nail. It normally appears pink because of the rich blood supply in the area |
| Nail root | Is the proximal end of the nail; Its hidden underneath overlying tissue. |
| Abnormal nail changes | Clubbing Cyanosis Glattened or concave nail beds Dark lines beneath the nail White nails Yellowish thickened slow growing nails Pale nail beds |
| Cyanosis | often is the first sign of oxygen deficiency |
| Clubbing | Long-term oxygen deficency usually due to lung disease. |
| Dark lines beneath the nail | May indicate melanoma in lighter-skinned indiviuals, although such lines may be normal in individuals with dark skin. |
| White nails | May occur in individuals with lung diseases such as emphysema |
| Pale nail beds | May be sign of anemia |
| Types of glands associated with skin | Sweat Sebaceous Ceruminous |
| Skin of an adult contains | 3 to 4 million sweat glands |
| Two types of sweat glands | Eccrine glands Apocrine Glands |
| Eccring gland | Contain a duct that leads from secretory portion, through the dermis and epidermis and onto the skins surface. Plays chief role in helping the body maintain a constant core temp and also helps the body eliminate wastes. |
| Apocrine gland | Contains a duct that leads to a hair follicle |
| Sebaceous glands | Secrete an oily substance called Sebum |
| Ceruminous gland | Which exist in the external ear canal |
| 3 types of burns | First degree Second degree Third degree. |
| First degree burn | Partial- Thickness burn- Superficial Involves only the epidermis Causes redness, slight swelling, and pain Often results from Sunlight (sunburn) |
| Second degree burn | Partial thickness- Deep Involves the epidermis as well as part of the dermis Results in blisters, severe pain, and swelling May scar May appear red, white or tan |
| Third Degree burn | Full thickness burn Extends through the epidermis and dermis and into the subcutaneous layer May not be painful initially because of the destruction of nerve endings. May appear white or black or leathery Often requires skin grafts. |
| 3 types of skin cancers | Basal Cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant Melanoma |
| Basal Cell Carinoma | The most common type of skin cancer Seldom metastasizes, so is the least dangerous Arises from the cell of the stratum basale, typically on the nose or face Lesion first appears as a small shiny bump |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Arises in the epidermis and is slow growing Often occurs on the scalp, forehead, back of hands, and top of ears. Has a raised, red, scaly appearance Some forms may metastasize |
| Malignant melanoma | Most deadly of all skin cancers Sometimes develops from melanocytes of preexisting mole metastasizes quickly and is often fatal when not treated early Risk is greatest in individuals who had severe sunburns as a child. |
| Disorders of the Integumentary System | Acne Dermatitis Eczema Impetigo Psoriasis Tina Urticaria |
| Acne | Inflammation of the sebaceous glands, especially during puberty. |
| Dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin characterized by itching and redness, often the result of exposure to chemicals or toxins (poison ivy) |
| Eczema | Itchy, red rash caused by an allergy. |
| Psoriasis | A recurring skin disorder characterized by red papules and scaly silvery plaques with sharply defined borders |
| Tinea | Any fungal infection of the skin. occurs in moist areas. |
| Urticaria | Allergic reaction resulting in multiple red patches that are intensely itchy. |
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