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Pathology Q3
Study for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| excess blood in any part | hyperemia/congestion |
| purposefully put in a body part by the arterial system | active hyperemia |
| results from normal everyday body function, as in exercise or digestion | physiological active hyperemia |
| results from an injury or disease process, as in an area of inflammation due to infarction (abnormal) | pathological active hyperemia |
| occurs when venous drainage from an area is decreased | passive hyperemia |
| passive hyperemia is always ____ | pathological |
| causes of passive hyperemia | - blood clot - vascular swelling (thickening of vessel walls) - pressure from a lesion |
| generalized hyperemia is usually a result of a ___ ___ | heart disorder |
| blood settling to the dependent parts of the body due to faulty circulation and caused by reduced pressure from the heart | hypostatic congestion |
| a bluish color seen in the tissues caused by diminished blood flow | cyanosis |
| solid mass or blood clot in the heart or vascular system | thrombus |
| reasons for thrombosis | 1. injury to heart or blood vessels 2. diseases of the blood 3. slow blood |
| Where can thrombosis occur? | anywhere in the vascular or venous system |
| thrombus that partially occludes the lumen | parietal thrombus |
| thrombus that completely occludes the lumen | obstructive thrombus |
| thrombus that leads to ischemia or decrease of blood flow | arterial thrombus |
| thrombus that leads to passive hyperemia or gangrene | venous thrombus |
| condition when a clot or fragment of a clot floats through the blood system, causing an obstruction of the vessel | embolism |
| a clot or fragment of a clot that floats through the blood system | embolus |
| an embolus can also be... | 1. clumps of bacteria, parasites or tumors 2. fat globules 3. foreign particles 4. air or gas bubbles |
| inflammation of a vein due to some disease irritation | phelbitis |
| decreased blood flow to a part of the body | ischemia |
| causes of ischemia | 1. atherosclerosis 2. embolism |
| the thickening of vascular walls usually due to disease | atherosclerosis |
| an area to be supplied with blood dies without that supply | infarction |
| aka infarction | ischemic necrosis |
| aka ischemic necrosis | infarction |
| usually refers to a very brief brain attack that leaves no permanent damage or cellular damage (mini-stroke) | transient ischemia attack (TIA) |
| chest pain due to the infarction at the heart | angina |
| bed sores caused by a lack of blood flow to the skin | decubitus ulcers |
| ischemic necrosis in an extremity | gangrene |
| ___ gangrene is not really gangrene at all, but ischemic necrosis | dry |
| dry gangrene is not really gangrene at all, but ___ ___ | ischemic necrosis |
| example of dry gangrene | frostbite |
| necrotic tissue which has been invaded by saprophytic bacteria | moist/true gangrene |
| cause of moist/true gangrene | disturbance of venous return & saprophytic bacteria |
| embalmer's nightmare | gas gangrene |
| TB mycobacterium whoch forms a white frothy substance, cottage cheese-like purging from the mouth | caseous gangrene |
| escape of blood from the vascular system | hemorrhage |
| hemorrhage in which blood bursts from the vessel | rupture/rhexis |
| hemorrhage in which blood drips from a small opening in the vessel | hemorrhage per dispedesis |
| tiny pin-point hemorrhages | petechiae |
| large, irregular, circumscribed & localized bruise | ecchymosis |
| non-circumscribed widespread areas of purple bruising into the skin or mucous membranes (intact vessels) | purpura |
| tumor-like swelling with blood | hematoma |
| blood blister | hematoma |
| dark tarry feces or vomit due to release of blood into the GI tract | melena |
| bleeding in the thorax or pleural cavity | hemothorax |
| bleeding in the pericardial cavity | hemopericardium |
| bleeding in the abdominal cavity | hemoperitoneum |
| blood in the vomit | hematemesis |
| blood in the spit | hemoptysis |
| bleeding from the schnozola | epitaxis |
| the normal process of blood forming into a semi-solid state | coagulation |
| hypo perfusion or reduced oxygen flow to the tissues | circulatory shock |
| signs of circulatory shock | 1. depressed vessels 2. state of collapse 3. low blood pressure 4. cold & clammy skin |
| fainting or mild form of shock | syncope |
| shock due to lack of blood volume | hypovolemic |
| shock from a heart attack | cardiogenic |
| shock from blood infection | septic |
| shock from emotional trauma | neurogenic |
| an excess of body fluid in the tissues of the body | edema |
| an extravascular condition where the excess fluid is not returning to the lymph system or the capillaries | edema |
| causes of edema | 1. heart failure 2. obstruction 3. increased capillary permeability 4. decreased osmotic pressure |
| widespread edema | anasarca |
| edema around a site of inflammation | exudate |
| edema of the pleural cavity | hydrothorax |
| edema of the pericardium | hydropericardium |
| edema of the peritoneal cavity | ascites |
| dessication | dehydration |
| total decrease in body fluids | dehydration |
| causes of dehydration | 1. high temps (febrile disease) 2. high environmental temps 3. Gi diseases 4. glandular diseases |
| embalming implication associated with circulatory disorders | 1. diminished circulation 2. dehydration/emaciation 3. hemorrhage 4. rapid decomp 5. abscesses |
| blood cells without a nucleus | agranulocytes |
| blood cells with a nucleus | granuocytes |
| turns into fibrin or sticky strands of networks to form a clot | fibrinogen |
| erythrocytes containing hemoglobin | erythroblasts |
| a condition which brings about reduction below normal in the red blood cells or normal hemoglobin | anemia |
| literally means "no blood" | anemia |
| symptoms of anemia | lack of oxygen causing tiredness and dizziness |
| lifespan of red blood cells | 120 days |
| cause of aplastic anemia | idiopathic (unknown) |
| anemia characterized by a lack of vitamin B-12 | pernicious anemia |
| digestive problem associated with pernicious anemia | achlorhydria |
| anemia characterized by quick loss of blood, either externally or internally | hemorrhagic anemia |
| anemia characterized by some particular pathological event that accelerates the destruction of red blood cells | hemolytic anemia |
Created by:
leahmurphy
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