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Muscles
Mr. Mathena Chapter 8 Muscles Quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| fascia | layers of fibrous connective tissue that separate an individual skeletal muscle from adjacent muscles and hold it in position |
| aponeuroses | a sheet of connective tissue by which certain muscles are attached to adjacent muscles |
| myofibrils | contractile fibers within muscle cells |
| myosin | a protein that, with actin, contracts and relaxes muscle fibers |
| actin | a protein that, with myosin, contracts muscle fibers |
| sarcomere | the segment of a myofibril from one Z line to the next Z line |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | membranous network of channels and tubules within a muscle fiber corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells |
| transverse tubules | membranous channel that extends inward from a muscle fiber membrane and passes through the fiber |
| motor neuron | a neuron that transmits impulses from the central nervous system to an effector |
| motor unit | a motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers |
| motor end plate | specialized portion of muscle fiber membrane at a neuromuscular junction |
| neuromuscular junction | point of contact between a nerve cell and muscle cell |
| neurotransmitter | chemical that an axon end secretes to stimulate a muscle fiber to contract or a neuron to fire an impulse |
| troponin and tropomyosin | proteins that are part of the actin filament |
| ATPase | enzyme that causes ATP molecules to release the energy stored in their terminal phosphate bonds |
| acetylcholine | a type of neurotransmitter, which is a biochemical secreted at axon ends of many neurons, transmits nerve messages across synapsis |
| acetylcholinesterase | an enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of acetylcholine |
| creatine phosphate | a muscle biochemical that stores energy |
| myoglobin | temporarily stores oxygen and reduces a muscle's requirement for a continuous blood supply during muscular contraction |
| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen required after physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose |
| all-or-none response | phenomenon in which a muscle fiber completely contracts when it is exposed to a stimulus of threshold strength |
| summation | increased force of contraction by a skeletal muscle fiber when twitches occur so rapidly that the next twtich occurs before the previous twitch relaxes |
| recruitment | an increase in the number of motor units being activated |
| muscle tone | even when a muscle appears to be at rest, a certain amount of sustained contraction is occurring in its fibers |
| multiunit smooth muscle | the muscle fibers are separate rather than organized into sheets |
| visceral smooth muscle | composed of sheets of spindle-shaped cells in close contact with one another |
| peristalsis | rhythmic waves of muscular contraction in the walls of certain tubular organs; due to transmission of impulses from cell to cell and rhythmicity |
| origin | the immovable end of the muscle |
| insertion | movable end of muscle |
| prime mover (agonist) | muscle responsible for a particular body movement |
| antagonist | resist a prime movers action and cause the movement in the opposite direction |
| synergists | muscles that contract and assist the prime mover |
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