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The Excretory
Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Azot/o | Nitrogen |
| Cyst/o | Urinary Bladder |
| Glomerulo | Glomerulus |
| Nephr/o | Kidney |
| Pyel/o | Renal Pelvis |
| Ren/o | Kidney |
| Ur/o | Urinary Tract, Urine |
| Ureter/o | Ureter |
| Urethr/o | Urethra |
| Excretion | Is removal of metabolic wastes from the body |
| Function of Excretory System | Removal of metabolic waste Maintenance of the body's fluid, electrolyte balance and acid base balance Regulation of blood pressure |
| Organs that remove Metabolic Waste | The skin, lungs, liver and kidneys |
| Metabolic Waste(Nitrogenous Waste) | Ammonia, urea, uric acid and creatinine |
| Ammonia | Produce from the breakdown of amino acid Converted by the liver to urea, a less toxic waste |
| Urea | Most common nitrogenous waste |
| Uric Acid | Formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids |
| Creatinine | Formed from the breakdown of creatine phosphate |
| Role of Kidney | Excreation of waste thru Urine Regulation of blood volume Delivery of urine from the body Control of urine production |
| Kidneys Function in Multiple Systems | Vitamin D synthesis= Skeletal System Renin and Erythropoietin= Cardiovascular and Endocrine System Elimination of waste= Excretory System |
| Renal Capsule | Protect kidney |
| Perirenal Fat Capsule | Protect kidney |
| Renal Fascia | Anchors the kidney to the posterior muscle wall of the body's abdomen |
| Each Kidney has 3 Layers | Renal capsule, renal cortex and renal medulla (Pyramids are located in renal medulla) |
| Calyces | Collect urine from the pyramids and deliver it to thr renal pelvis |
| Renal Sinus | The space occupied by the renal artery, renal vein and renal pelvis |
| Anatomy of Nephron | Has 2 basic part, the Renal corpuscle and the Renal tubule |
| Renal Corpuscle (located in Renal Cortex) | Composed of the Glomerulus and the Glomerular capsule |
| Renal Tubule | Composed of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule, the Nephron Loop, and the Distal Convoluted Tubule, |
| Flow of Urine Components thru a Nephron | Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct and minor calyx |
| Blood Flow to a Nephron | Blood flows from the Renal Artery- smaller arteries- to afferent arteriole- to the glomerulus- to the efferent arteriole- to the peritubilar capillaries- to venules- to larger veins- to the renal vein |
| Anatomy of the Ureters | They are retroperitioneal Deliver urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder Go posterior to the bladder and enter the bladder at its base |
| Anatomy of the Urinary Bladder | Is a storage sac with smooth muscle in its walls Detrusor muscle thickens at the base of the bladder to form the Internal Urinary Sphincter( no control over) |
| Trigone | A triangular area of the bladder floor and is defined by the openings to the ureters and the urethra |
| Anatomy of the Urethra | Delivers urine from the urinary bladder to the outside Urethra of a male is longer than a females Surrounded by the External Urinary Sphincter(made of skeletal muscle) as it passes thru the pelvic floor |
| Male Urethra 3 parts | Prostatic Urethra, Membranous Urethra, and the Penile Urethra |
| Micturition | Passing of Urine |
| Micturition Reflex | Controls the passing of urine in infants, but higher brain centers influence the reflex after potty training |
| Urine Production Process | Filtration, reabsorption and secretion |
| Filtration | Happens in the Renal Corpuscle Material move frm the glomerulus to the Glomerular capsule by filtration (water, glucose, amino acid, some nitrogenous waste and mineral salt |
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) | Increased by high blood pressure, decreased by low blood pressure |
| Reabsorption | Happens along the Renal Tubule Materials move from the tubules to the peritubular capillaries (100% of the glucose, 100% of the amino acids, amounts vary for mineral salts and water |
| Secretion | Happens along the Renal Tubule Materials move from the peritubular capillaries to the tubules (nitrogenous waste, excess hydrogen ions, excess potassium ions and some drugs |
| Normal PH Level | 7.35-7.45 The kidney helps with the PH acid base balance |
| Acidosis | Below normal PH Level |
| Metabolic Acidosis | Decreased kidney elimination of hydrogen ions or increase production of acidic substances that metabolize |
| Alkalosis | Above normal PH Level |
| Water in the Body (Held in to Fluid compartments) Daily water intake should equal daily water output | makes up 55 to 60% of the body 65% is intracellular(inside the cell) 35% extracellular(outside the cell) Water moves easily between compartments by osmosis to minimize concentration gradiens |
| Regulation of Urine Volume and Concentration | Regulated thru hormones, the nervous system and diuretics Hormones: ADH, aldosterone and ANH The Sympathetic NS reduces urine production |
| ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone) | Increases water reabsorption Increases permeability of DCT and collecting ducts |
| High Blood water concentration | Means less ADH production Less water absorption and urine volume increases |
| Low Blood water concentration Drop in blood triggers the ADH | Means more ADH production Moe water is reabsorbed and urine volume decreases |
| Aldosterone | Regulates sodium ion reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule |
| ANH (Atrial Natriuretic Hormone) effects the heart | Dilates the afferent arterioles while constricting the efferent arterioles in the kidney, GFR increases Inhibits the secretion of ADH and inhibits sodium reabsorption |
| Diuretics Increase in Urine Production | Alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH Caffeine increases blood flow to the kidney, increases GFR, and decreases sodium production |
| Effects of Aging on the Excretory System | Size of kidneys and number of Nephron decrease GFR and reserve capacity decrease Responsiveness to ADH decreased |
| Effects of Aging on the Excretory System | 80% of Elderly men experience Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (makes micturition difficult) Elderly woman often experience incontinence due to weakened pelvic floor muscles |
Created by:
myrnasGirl3
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