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MCAT Physics Ch. 11
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Scientific Method | Series of 8 steps for the generation of new knowledge |
Initial Steps Of Scientific Method | Generate a testable question, gather data and resources, and form a hypothesis |
Intermediate Steps Of Scientific Method | Collect new data, analyze the data, interpret the data and existing hypothesis |
Final Steps Of Scientific Method | Publish and verify results |
FINER Method | Assesses the value of a research question on the basis of whether or not it is feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant |
During Research, We Manipulate: | Independent variables and observe changes in teh dependent variable |
Controls | Used to correct for any influences of an intervention that are not part of the model |
Positive Controls | Ensure that a change in the dependent variable occurs when expected |
Negative Controls | Ensure that no change in the dependent variable occurs when none is expected. |
Accuracy (Validity) | Quality of approximating the true value |
Precision (Reliability) | Quality of being consistent in approximations |
Cohort Studies | Record exposures throughout time and then assess the rate of a certain outcome |
Cross-sectional Studies | Assess both exposure and outcome at the same point in time. |
Case-control Studies | Assess outcome status and then assess for exposure history |
Hill's Criteria | This is used to support causality in observational studies. This includes temporality, strength, dose-response relationships, consistency, plausibility, consideration of alternate explanations, experiments, specificity, and coherence |
Bias Is: | Systematic and results from a problem during data collection |
Selection Bias | The sample differs from the population. Most common in human subjects research. |
Detection Bias | Arises from educated professionals using their knowledge in an inconsistent way by searching for an outcome disproportionately in certain populations. |
Hawthorne Effect | Results from changes in behavior by the subject, experimenter, or both, which occurs as a result of the knowledge that the subject is being observed. |
Confounding | An error in data analysis that results from a common connection of both the dependent and independent variable to a third variable. |
Four Principles Of Medical Ethics Include: | Beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for patient autonomy, and justice. |
Respect For Persons Includes: | Autonomy, informed consent, and confidentiality |
Justice Dictates: | Which study questions are worth pursuing and which subjects to use |
Beneficence Requires: | People to do the most good with the least harm. |
Equipoise | A lack of knowledge about which arm of the research study is better for the subject. This is required for any intervention of a study to take place. |
Populations | Individuals who share a set of characteristics. |
Population Data Are Called: | Parameters |
Samples | Subset of a population that are used to estimate population data. |
Sample Data Are called: | Statistics |
Internal Validity | Identification of causality in a study between the independent and dependent variables. |
External Validity | The ability of a study to be generalized to the population that it describes. |
Statistical Significance | The low likelihood of the experimental findings being due to chance |
Clinical Significance | Usefulness or importance of experimental findings to patient care or patient outcomes. |