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107 Unit 3
Echo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Echocardiogram | -sonogram of the heart -real time images of the cardiovascular system in action -used for diagnosis, management, and follow-ups |
| Information Provided by an Echo | -location & Extent of any tissue damage -Ejection Fraction -Pumping Capacity -Calculation of Cardiac Output -Size and Shape of the Heart -Diastolic Function -Detection of abnormalities |
| Interface | Surface formed when two media of different densities come together |
| Reflection | -Sound that bounces back from the interface |
| Reflection Depends Upon | -Degree of Difference between the two media -Closer to 90 Degrees the angle of the transducer is to the interface, the greater the sound that will be reflected |
| Refraction | -The bending of sound from a straight path as it goes from one media to another |
| Disadvantage of Echo | -poorly transmitted through a gaseous medium and attenuation occurs rapidly especially at higher frequencies |
| What does the amount of reflection and refraction depend on? | -acoustic properties of the media through which the ultrasound beam passes |
| Which Tissues reflects most of the energy and result in poor penetration? | -solid material interfaced with gas -lung |
| Which tissues allow more energy to be disseminated and increases penetration? | -soft tissues and blood |
| Which kind of mediu does ultrasound travel faster through? | -stiff medium -bone |
| Transducer | -consists of Piezoelectric elements (Crystals) -Sends and Receives the ultrasound |
| Piezoeletectric Elements | -many small, carefully arranged piezoelectric elements that are interconnected electronically -each element is coupled to electrodes that transmit current to the signals and record the voltage generated by the returning signals |
| Transuducer Placement for Apical Imaging | -The Point of Maximal Impulse (PMI) |
| Parasternal Long -Axis (PLAX) | -transducer in Left parasternal region 3rd or 4th Intercostal space -notch will be to the patient's right shoulder -patient is in left lateral decubitus position -views heart from base to apex (vertical split) |
| PLAX views | -LA -LV- -MV -RV (RVOT) -AO -VS |
| Parasternal Short Axis | -left parasternal region 3rd or 4th intercostal space -notch in patient's left shoulder -views heart from side to side (horizontal split) -short axis planes |
| Parasternal Short Axis Planes | -Apical Level -Papillary Muscle Level -Mitral Valve level "fish-mouth" -Basal (Aortic) View |
| Apical Level | -apex of the left ventricle |
| Papillay Muscle Level | -Tilting the Transducer superiorly |
| Papillary Muscle Level Views | -RV -VS -LV -Posteromedial Papillary Muscles (PMVL) -Anterolateral Papillary Muscles (AMVL) |
| Mitral Valve Level "Fish Mouth" | -superior and rightwign tilting of the transducer |
| Mitral Valve Level Views | -RV -VS -LV -Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet -Posterior Mitral Valve Leaflet |
| Basal (Aortic) View | -tilting the transducer further superiorly |
| BAsal (AorticI View Views | -LA -Atrial Septum -RA -RVOT -Right Coronary Cusp -Left Coronary Cusp -Non coronary Cusp -Pulmonary Valve -Pulmonary artery |
| Apical Views | -4 chamber -2 chamber -Long axis -"five" chamber -3 chamber |
| 4 Chamber view | -patient is rotated to the left and the transducer placed at the cardiac apex -notch is toward the spine |
| 5 chamber view | -transducer is tilted to a shallower angle from the 4 chamber view -includes the LVOT and Proximal Aorta |
| 4 chamber view can view | -LA -LV -RA -RV |
| 2 Chamber | -4 chamber is the reference -transducer is rotated counterclockwide 60 degrees -records different walls of the LV -combination of the two views often provide an accurate representation of LV size, shape and function |
| 2 chamber views | -LA -LV -MV |
| 3 Chamber | -4 chamber is the reference -transducer is rotated clockwise 60 degrees -similar to PLAX view but from a lower interspace |
| 3 Chamber Views | -LA -LV -MV -AO |
| Subcostal Examination | -transducer in the midline or slightly to patient's right -notch pointed down toward the patient's spine -only view that visualizes the superior portion of the atrial septum -records the inferior vena cava and hepativ veins -COPD and emphysema |
| What can the Subcostal Examination also view? | short axis plane |
| Suprasternal Approach | -examine the great vessels -short axis view of the aortic arch by rotating the transducer clockwise to the notch faces posteriorly toward the patient's trachea |
| Suprasternal Views | -Ascending aorta -Aortic Arch -Brachiocephalic Vessels -Descending Thoracic Aorta |
| M-Mode Echocardiography | -meausrement of dimensions -essential for display of subtle motion abnormalities of specific cardiac structures -detailed motions -volume shots |
| Detailed motions of M-Mode Echocardiography | -Distance or depth (vertical) -time (horizontal) |
| M-Mode Basal-Aortic Level | -dimension of the LA and end systole/diastole -Aorta -Aortic Valve -Posterior Wall -RV -RVOT -VS |
| Dopplar Imaging | -measures blood flow velocities in the heart and great vessels -provies a colorized image representing the velocity and direction of blood -pulsed valve doplar -continout wave doplar -color dopplar M-Mode Imaging |
| Pulsed Valve Doplar | -measures velocity at any specific point within the cardiac anatomy -single ultrasound crystal sends and receives sound beams -reflected from moving red blood cells |
| Continour Wave Doplar | -two crystals one to send and one to receive -records all velocities along the path of the ultrasound beam -used to detect and record the highest flow velocity available -image-guided display |
| Color Dopplar M Mode Imaging | -displays blood flow in 3 color -red, blue, green -used to assess abnormal flow patterns |
| Red | Blood flows toward the positive frequency shift in the transducer |
| Blue | Blood flows away from the positive frequency shift in the transducer |
| Multiple colors | -abnormal blood flow according to direction and velocity |
Created by:
Mdarrielle09
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