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Neuro
Neuro 117
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ataxia | Jerky, poorly controlled movements |
| Adiadochokinesia | inability to perform rapid, alternating movements |
| Dysmetria | Overshooting or undershooting target |
| Dyssynergia | Voluntary movements appear broken into parts |
| Nystagmus | involuntary rapid movements of eyeballs |
| Dysarthria | Explosive or slurred speech |
| Chorea | Involuntary, purposeless, quick and jerky movements |
| Athetoid movements | slow, wormlike, arrhythmic movements |
| Dystonia | Persistent posturing of extremities |
| Ballism | Forceful extension of limb (unilateral) |
| Tremor | Intentional, resting, essential familial |
| Cortex | Outside layer of the brain where functions happen |
| 2 cerebral hemispheres | Left - language Right - Visual spatial |
| Functions of lobes | Frontal- logic Temporal- auditory memory Parietal - sensation, visual and sensory perception Occipital - vision |
| Function of brain stem | Breathing, Heartbeat, Blood pressure |
| UMN | Spasticity and stiffness- increased/abnormal reflexes-hypertonia |
| LMN | Weakness, low tone, atrophy - innervate skeletal muscles- decreased reflexes, twitches, hypotonia |
| Motor Control | ability to maintain and change posture and movement, Stability, Mobility, Coordination |
| Motor Learning | acquisition of new skills and retention of and transfer of skills to novel situations |
| Paresis | Weakness |
| Flaccidity | No muscle tone, little muscle tone - Down Syndrome |
| Hypertonicity | spasticity, rigidity, clonus |
| Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) | autoimmune reaction that destroys the myelin surrounding peripheral nerve fibers Symptoms: flaccid paralysis, sensory loss, blood pressure fluctuations, dysarthria (difficulty speaking), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) |
| How many spinal nerves are in the human body? | 31 pairs |
| Are cranial nerves sensory or motor? | Some are motor only, some are sensory only, some are both |
| Are spinal nerves sensory or motor? | both |
| How many cranial nerves are in the human body? | 12 pairs |
| Anatomical divisions of the nervous system | CNS and PNS |
| Which anatomical system do the cranial nerves belong to? | PNS |
| What is located in the dorsal root ganglion? | Sensory root fibers |
| Neurons in the PNS can regenerate? T or F | True |
| Ganglion | A group of cell bodies outside of the CNS |
| Sensory nerves | Afferent - away from CNS- Dorsal, enter spinal cord |
| Motor nerves | Efferent - toward the CNS - Ventral, exit spinal cord |
| MS | Autoimmune, destruction of Myelin, Spasticity, weakness, sensory loss, fatigue, cognitive and visual disturbance, loss of postural control, Women ages 20-50 |
| Stages of Motor Learning | Cognitive - talk and think through Associative - connect the task with previous experience Autonomous - performed without thought, habit |
| Types of Motor Learning | Procedural - demonstration, practice, feedback Declarative - descriptive sequence of events, used before procedural learning |
| Causes of lesions of the LMN | Nerve root compression, trauma, toxins, infections, cancer, vascular disorders, degenerative diseases, congenital malformations |
| Post polio | increased weakness of muscles previously affected, FATIGUE, atrophy, joint pain, scoliosis, limitation in ADL's, ambulation, swallowing, bladder and bowel control OT: reduce fatigue, assistive devices, energy conservation |
| Myasthenia Gravis- LMN | Targets muscles of the eyelids and eyes, twitching, double vision, drooping eyelids, difficulty with speech and swallowing. Progressive, could lead to permanent paralysis OT: regain muscle power and endurance |
| Muscular Dystrophy | Genetic, degenerative. Sensitive to heat, cooler room, manage sensory deficits (vision, etc), planning and pacing, |
| Motor unit is made up of | neuron, neuromuscular junction, muscle fibers |
| Parkinson's Disease | Slow, Chronic, Progressive, Tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, impaired balance, high fall risk, freezing during gait, |
| ALS | UMN (spasticity and stiffness) and LMN (weakness, low, tone, atrophy) affected, speech and swallowing difficulty, hyperactive reflexed and twitches, cramping, prisoner in their own body, |
| Alzheimers | I in 10 ppl over 65, slow progressive deterioration of brain tissue, ADL's, environment, exercise |
| Dendrites | conduct TOWARDS the cell body |
| Axons | conduct AWAY from the cell body |
| Cerebellum | movement, posture, balance |
| Spinal cord | connects PNS to the brain, coordinating center for simple reflexes |
| Neuroanatomy | Structure |
| Neurophysiology | Function |
| Two methods by which synaptic communication occurs | Chemical (most) and Electrical |
| Neurogenic | Nerve cells |
| Myopathic | Muscles |
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