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Chapter 2

Foundations of American Government

TermDefinition
American Revolution This and the domestic instability that followed prompted a call for a new type of government with a constitution to guarantee liberty
Philosophes Scholars who promoted democracy and justice through discussions of individual liberty and equality
Thomas Hobbes One of the first philosophes, an Englishman who concluded in his famous book, LEVIATHAN, that people are incapable of ruling themselves, primarily because humans are naturally self-centered and quarrelsome and need the iron fist of a strong leader
John Locke The single most important influence that shaped the founding of the United States comes from JOHN LOCKE, a 17th century Englishman who redefined the nature of government
Second Treatise of Government Locke identified the basis of a legitimate government. A ruler gains authority through the consent of the governed. The duty of that government is to protect the natural rights of the people, which Locke believed to include LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY
Declaration of Independence The idea of the Second Treatise of Government deeply influenced THOMAS JEFFERSON as he drafted the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
Magna Carta Written in 1215, the Magna Carta established the kernel of limited government, or the belief that the monarch's rule was not absolute.
The Petition of Right(1628) Extended the rights of "commoners" to have a voice in the government
English Bill of Rights(1688) Guaranteed free elections and rights for citizens accused of crime
Charters Each of the thirteen colonies had a charter, or written agreement between the colony and the king of England or Parliament. Charters of royal colonies provided for direct rule by the king
Colonial Legislature A deliberative body of persons, usually elective, who are empowered to make, change, or repeal the laws of a country or state; the branch of government having the power to make laws, as distinguished from the executive and judicial branches of government.
Virginia House of Burgesses The first colonial legislature, which was established in 1619
Mayflower Compact A compact drafted by the pilgrims which in essence declared that they would rule themselves
Mercantilism A system based on the belief that colonies existed in order to increase the mother country's wealth
Shays' Rebellion A revolt by angry farmers in Massachusetts in response to serious economic depression in 1786 after the war was over
Bicameral Legislature Set qualifications for holding office in each house, and provided for methods of selecting representatives and senators.
Constitution Provided for the structure and powers of Congress in Article 1. It created a bicameral legislature
Article I of the Constitution Provided the structure and powers of Congress
Article II of the Constitution Vested the power to execute laws in a president of the United States. It set the president's term at four years, stated qualifications for office, and provided a mechanism to remove him from office.
Article III of the Constitution Established a Supreme court and defines its jerisdiction
President's Constitution Powers Are very modest, but they include commander-in-chief of the armed forces, negotiator of foreign treaties, and appointer of ambassadors, judges, and other "officers of the United States"
Article IV of the Constitution Defined the relationship between the federal government and the states in a system of Federalism
Federalism Divides the power of government between national and state governments
Article V Provides methods of amending the Constitution
Federalists Those who supported the Constitution
Antifederalists Those who opposed the Constitution
Bill of Rights 10 of the twelve amendments that Virginian James Madison submitted to Congress in 1789
Popular American Government sets

 

 



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