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Chapter 1
The Nature of Governmnet
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Governments | Almost certainly originated with the need to protect people from conflicts and to provide law and order |
| Karl Marx Explains | It is because the very idea of "PROPERTY" makes people selfish and greedy |
| Sovereignty | The right of a group(country) to be free outside of interference. The recognition that protection was easier if people stayed together in groups and if they all agreed that one(or some) in the group should have more power than others is this term's basis |
| Federal Reserve System | A system created by the United States Congress in the early twentieth century to ward off inflation and monitor the value of the dollar |
| New Deal Programs | Programs devised by Franklin Roosevelt and his "BRAIN TRUST" to shock the country into prosperity. Many of these programs provided people with relief through jobs, payments, and food |
| Great Society Programs | Programs unveiled by President Lyndon Johnson during the 1960s which aimed at eliminating poverty in the entire country |
| Rule by Man | Wen a countries citizens are governed by the absolute decisions of the ruler |
| Government's Legitimacy | The degree to which the people accept the authority of the government. The government's rules shape the government's legitamacy |
| Authority | The power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Wrote the political works during the Renaissance. In, The Prince, Machiavelli advised his audience that in a system of, Rule by Man, it was, "better to be feared than loved" |
| Divine Right | When an absolute ruler may be accepted because the people believe or accept the idea that God gave him/her the right to rule |
| Monarchy | A form of government in which the power of the king or queen is hereditary. Divine right is often associated with Monarchy |
| Oligarchy | Rule by a few elites whose right to rule is based on possession of wealth, social status, military position, or acheivment |
| Rule By Law | Exists in any political system in which those with power cannot make up all their own rules, but must follow an established Code of Law |
| Justinian's Code | A set of laws established by and named after an ancient times Byzantine emperor that lived on long after he died. We still follow parts of that code today |
| Code Napoleon | Napoleon revised the French laws into a single unified code, known as the Code Napoleon. Under the French Empire, the code was implemented throughout Europe |
| Democracy | A form of government that gives power to the people. Come from the two Greek words: "demos"(the people) and "kratia"(power of authority). Based on "rule by law" |
| Natural Law | The notion that human societies should be governed by ethical principles found in nature. The Ancient Greeks(particularly Aristotle) valued Natural Law |
| Direct Democracy | A system in which citizens meet to discuss all policy, and then make decisions by majority rule. The Greeks are famous for practicing Direct Democracy |
| Indirect or Representative Democracy | A system developed by the American Founders in which Representatives are chosen by the people to make decisions for them |
| Republic | A system in which the interests of the peopled were represented by more knowledgeable or wealthier citizens who were responsible to those that elected them |
| Democratic Centralism | A term made famous by Vladimir Ulyinov Lenin which established a communist government that allowed no private property to exist. A small group of leaders make decisions in the name of the people, based on their perceptions of what the people want and need |
| Liberty and Equality | These words represent the basic values of democratic political systems, including that of the United States |
| Enlightenment | A movement in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth century that questioned the traditional authority of the monarch to rule. The American government has its roots in the this movement |
| Centralized Governement | To bring under one government |
| John Locke(An English Philosopher) | Theorized that government was the manifestation of a general will of "the governed" that allowed the governed to change their governors at will. His book, Treatises on Civil Government, was very influential in American Revolution |
| Montesquieu | Wrote with admiration about three "branches" of government that checked one anther's power |
| Rousseau | Believed that communities were most justly governed by the "General Will" or Majority Rule of their citizens |
| Democratic Countries | Cherish INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM and generally believe that laws should not be REPRESSIVE; a little order can be sacrificed in the name of LIBERTY |
| Values of the Declaration of Indepence | In the late 18th century the Founders created the blueprints for the United States government in an effort to achieve these delicate balances — between liberty and order, and between liberty and equality |
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