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bio
biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genotype ? | the genetic makeup, or allele combination, for a trait. |
| gene | chemical factors that determine traits |
| hybrid | the offspring produced by parents with different trait; heterozygous |
| allele | different choice for a gene |
| inherit | to receive genetic traits from a parent |
| pedigree | a chart that shows genetic relationship within a family |
| trait | a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another |
| dominant | the allele that always appears in the phenotype if present in the genotype |
| Recessive | the allele that only appears in the phenotype if a dominant allele is not present in the genotype |
| homozygous | genotype that has two of the same alleles |
| pure/true-breeding | produce offspring identical to themselves ;homozygous |
| co-dominance | when alleles are both dominant and both traits show up in the phenotype of a heterozygote at the same time |
| carrier | females that are heterozygous for an x-linked trait and could pass on the defective allele to their offspring even if they are normal |
| heterozygous | genotype that has two different alleles for a trait |
| phenotype | the appearance or physical characteristics that are expressed |
| incomplete dominance | when one allele is not completely dominant and a heterozygote has a blended "in-between" phenotype |
| sex-linked traits | traits that show up in different percentages in males and female because the genes are carried on the sex chromosomes |
| probability | the likelihood that a particular event will occur |
| chemical reaction | process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
| reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| product | the elements or compound produced by a chemical reaction |
| substrate | the reactants of an enzyme catalyzed reaction |
| enzyme | proteins that act as biological catalyst, speed up chemical reactions in cells |
| activation energy | the energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
| optimal | best or most favorable conditions |
| denature | to make a protein can function properly |
| tolerance | range where the protein can function properly |
| active site | location on an enzyme where the substrate binds |
| pigment | light absorbing molecules |
| photosynthesis | plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates and oxygen |
| autotroph | organisms that can use the light energy from the sun to produce food |
| chlorophyll | the principal plant pigment |
| adenosine triphosphate | chemical compound used to store and release energy, consists of adenine,ribose,and 2 phosphate groups |
| water | reactant of photosynthesis |
| carbon dioxide | reactant of photosynthesis |
| oxygen | product of photosynthesis |
| glucose | product of photosynthesis |
| chloroplast | organelle where photosynthesis occurs |
| mitochondria | organelle where cellular respiration occurs |
| cellular respiration | cellular respiration realeases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of oxygen |
| DNA | contains the instructions for, and controls, the production of proteins |
| helicase | an enzyme that "unzips" DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together |
| guanine | a purine nitrogen base in DNA that pairs with cytosine |
| base pairing | Chargaff's rules which state that A = T and C =G |
| cytosine | a pyrimidine nitrogen base in DNA that pairs with guanine |
| Pyrimidines | nitrogen bases in DNA that have one ring |
| thymine | a pyrimidine nitrogen base in DNA that pairs with adenine |
| template | a single DNA strand that serves as a guide for making the matching DNA strand |
| deoxyribose | the pentose sugar that helps make up the sides ("rungs") of DNA |
| chromatin | thick coiled fibers of DNA spread out in the nucleus, allows reading of the DNA code |
| chromosome | bundles of tight packed and condensed DNA, makes it easier for DNA to move when a cell gets ready to divide |
| replication | the process of copying DNA |
| complimentary | the new strand of DNA created during replication that matches the original strands of DNA |
| nucleotide | the monomer (subunit ) of DNA that consists of a phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base |
| double helix | the shape of DNA, like a twisted ladder or spiral staircase |
| purines | nitrogen bases in DNA that have two rings |
| adenine | a purine nitrogen base in DNA that pairs with thymine |
| histones | proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin and chromosomes |
| replication fork | sites in the DNA where the two strands seperate and replication occurs |
| DNA polymerase | an enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to replicate a DNA molecule, and then proofreads the new DNA |
| cell cycle | series of events that the cell goes through as it grows and divide division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm creates 2 genetical daughter cells |
| centromere | area where chromatids are attached |
| zygote | a fertilized egg |
| mitosis | division of the cell's nucleus |
| haploid | cell with only half of each pair of chromosomes "one set" |
| anaphase | when sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite centrioles |
| gamete | the sperm and the egg |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| tetrad | structure formed when homologous chromosomes pair up |
| meiosis | number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half creates 4 genetically different haploid daughter cells |
| chromatin | one of two identical copies of a chromosome |
| prophase | when chromosome become visible spindles appear nuclear envelope breaks down |
| fertilization | the joining of the gametes |
| centriole | area where chromatids are attached to each other usually near center |
| telophase | when chromosomes return to chromatin spindles disappear and the nuclear envelopes reforms |
| homologous | chromosomes that match because they have the same genes one came from the male parent and the other came from the female parent |
| diploid | cell a full set of chromosomes pairs "two sets" |
| metaphase | when chromosomes line up in the middle or at the equator |
| spindle | fanlike microtubules that help seperate the chromosomes |
| Interphase | when the cell replicates (copies) the DNA and prepares for mitosis |
| offspring | the new organism produced from the reproductive process of an animal or plant; a person's child |
| crossing-over | when chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids and create new combination of alleles |
| chromosome | DNA when it is replicating, threadlike coils |
| chromatin | DNA when it is not replicating, spread out in granular form |
| ribosome | organelle that makes proteins |
| lysosome | organelle that contains digestive enzymes that break down molecules and remove waste |
| nucleolus | location in the nucleus where assembly of ribosomes begins |
| organelle | "little organs" that are specialized structures within cells |
| mitochondrion | organelle that converts glucose ( food) into ATP (energy for cell); power house for the cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum | internal membrane system in the cells where lipid components of the cell membrane are made, and some proteins are modified |
| vacuole | organelles that store water, salt, proteins and carbohydrates |
| nuclear envelope | two membranes surrounding the nucleus |
| cytoplasm | jelly like material in the cell that contains everything outside of the nucleus |
| chloroplast | organelle in plant cells that uses energy from sunlight to make glucose during photosynthesis |
| Eukaryotic | cells that have genetic material (DNA) inside of a nucleus |
| cytoskeleton | a network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape, and also helps in movement |
| cell wall | made of cellulose and provides additional support for plant cells |
| Golgi apparatus | organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage in the cell or secretion out of the cell |
| chromosome | DNA coiled up in condensed form (ready to replicate) |
| chromatin | DNA in spread out in granular form (in resting phase) |
| prokaryotic | cells that have genetic material (DNA) not inside the nucleus |
| nucleus | organelle that contains nearly all the cell's DNA |
| cell membrane | outter boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and exits the cell |
| Diffusion | particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| permeable | solutes are able to pass through: can cross |
| Hypertonic | solute concentration outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell |
| Hydrophobic | fear water; - lipid tails of phospholipids |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane |
| Isotonic | solute concentration is equal outside and inside the cell |
| exocytosis | vessicles transport molecules out of the cell; requires energy |
| Equilibrium | the solute concentration is equal everywhere in a solution |
| semi-permeable | some solutes can pass through, some solutes can not pass through |
| hypotonic | solute concentration is lower outside the cell than inside the cell |
| hydrophilic | like water; phospho-heads of phospholipids |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion through channel proteins in the cell membrane |
| impermeable | solutes are not able to pass through; they can not cross |
| passive transport | transport in or out of the cell requires no energy; molecules move down their concentration gradient |
| phagocytosis | cells use vesicles to "eat" large molecules or whole cells |
| concentration gradient | difference in concentration; when there is an area of high concentration and an area of low concentration |
| phospholipid -bilayer | two layers of phosphlipids with hydrophilic heads out and hydrophobic tails in |
| endocytosis | vessicles transport molecules into the cell; requires energy |
| pinocytosis | cells use vessicles to "drink" fluid or small molecules |
| active transport | transport in or out of the cell requires energy; molecules move up/against their concentration gradient |
| monomer | single unit |
| amino acid | the monomer for proteins |
| nucleic acid | polymers built from nucleotides |
| polymers | multiple monomers connected together |
| proteins | polymer built from amino acids |
| nucleotides | the monomer for nucleic acids, made of a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate groups |
| macromolecule | giant molecules, made of many molecules together |
| lipids | composed of fatty acids and glycerols |
| monosaccharide | a single sugar molecule |
| fatty acids | compounds that combine with glycerol to make a lipid |
| glycerol | a molecule that combines with fatty acids to make a lipid |
| carbonhydrate | main source of energy for living things |
| polysaccharide | polymers built from many monosaccharides |
| Qualitative | descriptive data |
| Quantative | numerical data |
Created by:
Daisy Soriano
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