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Blood & Heart
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Plasma | A clear, extracellular matrix. |
Plasma | Accounts for 55% of blood. |
Formed Elements | Includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. |
Formed Elements | Make up 45% of blood |
Water | The main component of water. |
Albumin | The main protein of plasma |
Serum | Plasma without the clotting proteins. |
Buffy Coat | Narrow buff colored band just underneath the plasma. |
Buffy Coat | 1% of less of blood volume. |
Hematocrit | The percentage of red blood cells in a sample of blood. |
Viscosity | The thickness of stickiness of blood. |
Hemopoiesis | The production of blood. |
Hemoglobin | A red pigment that gives blood its color. |
Globins | Ribbon like protein chains. |
Heme | Iron containing molecule. |
RBCs | Shaped like a disc with a sunken in center. |
Hematocrit | Female 37%-48% Male 45%-52% |
Hemoglobin | Female 12-16 g/dl Male 13%-18 g/dl |
RBC Count | Female 4.2-5.4 million/mm^3 Male 4.6-6.2 million/mm^3 |
Sickle Cell Disease | When RBCs shape become distorted. |
Erythropoiesis | Process of producing new RBCs. |
Hemolysis | When the destruction of RBCs becomes excessive. |
Polycythemia | When the rate att which new RBCs are being created exceeds the rate at which the old ones are being destroyed. |
Anemia | A deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin. |
Pernicious Anemia | Lack of vitamin B12. |
WBCs | Fewest of the formed elements. |
WBSs | Body's line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens. |
Granulocytes | Those having obvious granules. |
Agranulocytes | Those having few or no granules. |
Neutrophils | Highly mobile, they quickly migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces, where they engulf and digest foreign materials. |
Eosinophils | Involves in allergic reactions; they also kill parasites. |
Basophils | Secrete heparin, which prevents clotting in the infected are so WBCs can enter; they alson secrete histamine, a substance that causes blood vessels to leak, which attracts WBCs. |
Lymphocytes | Responsible for long term immunity. |
T Lymphocytes | Directly attack an infected or cancerous cell. |
B Lymphocutes | Produce antibodies against certain antigens. |
Monocytes | Highly phagocytic and can engulf large bacteria and the viral infected cells. |
Leukopenia | Abnormally low WBC count. |
Leukocytosis | Elevated WBC count. |
Platelets | Second most abundant of all the formed elements. |
Platelets | Play a role in stopping bleeding. |
Coagulation | Blood clotting |
Blood Type A | 40% of America has this blood type |
Blood Type B | 11% of America has this blood type. |
Blood Type AB | 4% of America has this blood type. |
Blood Type O | 45% of America has this blood type. |
Base | Where the great vessels enter and leave the heart. |
Apex | The point of maximum impulse, where the strongest beat can be felt or heard. |
Mediastinum | A space between the lungs and beneath the sternum. |
Pericardium | A double walled sac that surrounds the heart. |
Fibrous pericardium | A loose fitting sac of strong connective tissue-is the outermost layer. |
Serous Pericardium | Covers the heart's surface. |
Parietal Layer | Lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium |
Visceral Layer | Covers the heart's surface. |
Pericardial Cavity | Contains a small amount of serous fluid, which helps prevent friction as the heart beats. |
Endocardium | Lines the heart's chambers, covers the valves, and continues into the vessels. |
Myocardium | Composed of cardiac muscle, forms the middle layer. It's the thickest of the three layers and performs the work of the heart. |
Epicardium | Covers the heart's surface. |
Interatrial septum | Wall of myocardium that seperates the right and left atria. |
Interventricular Septum | Seperates the right and left ventricles. |
Atria | Upper 2 chambers. |
Ventricles | Lower 2 cambers. |
AV Valves | Regulate flow between the atria and the ventricles. |
Right AV Valve | (tricuspid) Prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the right atria. |
Left AV Valve | (bicuspid or mitral) Prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atria. |
Semilunar Valves | Regulate flow between the ventricles and the great arteries. |
Pulmonary Valve | Prevents backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle |
Aortic Valve | Prevents backflow from the aorta to the left ventricle. |
Valvular Disease | A heart valve that fails to prevent the backflow of blood during contraction. |
Coronary Arteries | Deliver oxygenated blood to the myocardium, while cardiac veins collect deoxygenated blood. |
Right Coronary Artery | Supplies blood to the right atrium, part of the left atrium, most of the right ventricle, and the inferior part of the left ventricle. |
Left Coronary Artery | Branches into the anterior descending and circumflex arteries, supplies blood to the left atrium, most of the left ventricle, and most of the interventricular septum. |
Myocardial Infarction | Heart attack |
Coronary Sinus | Large transverse vein on the heart's posterior, which returns the blood to the right atrium. |
ECG | Rcords the electrical activity or impulses of the heart. |
Normal Sinus Rhythm | An ECG that appears normal. |
Arrhythmia | Irregular heartbeat. |
P Wave | represents atrial depolarization: the transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node through the atria. |
PR Interval | Represents the time it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atria to the ventricles. |
QRS Complex | Represents ventricular depolarization: the spread of electrical impulses throughout the ventricles. |
ST Segment | Represents the end of ventricular depolarization and the beginning of ventricular repolarization. |
T Wave | Represents ventricular repolarization. |
Arrhythmias | Result when part of the conduction pathway is injured or when a part of the myocardium other than te SA node generates a beat. |
Systole | Contraction. |
Diastole | Relaxation. |
Cardiac Output | The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute. |
Heart Rate | The number of times the heart beats in 1 minute. |
Stroke Volume | The amount of blood ejected with each heartbeat. |
Bradycardia | Pulse rate slower than 60 bpm |
Tachycardia | Pulse rate greater than 100 bpm. |
Congestive Heart Failure | Results when either ventricle fails to pump blood effectively. |