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Carnegie Chem Carb
Chemistry Carbohydrate Metabolism worksheet MA Fall 2014
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define glycogen | polysaccharide- storage form of glucose |
| Define glycogenesis | formation of glycogen from glucose |
| Define glycolisis | glucose changed to give energy |
| Define gluconeogenesis | formation of new glucose from fat or protein |
| Where is glycogen made and stored? | made in the liver; stored in liver and muscle |
| What does the liver do in regards to glucose? | Adds glucose to the blood. the activity of the liver is controlled by several hormones |
| Where is insulin made? | in beta cells of Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas |
| What does insulin do? | stimulates transport of glucose through the cell membrane. must be present for glucose to enter cells. controlled by the glucose concentration of the blood flowing through the pancreas. |
| How does insulin affect the blood glucose level? | lowers it |
| Where is glucagon made? | made in the alpha cells of pancreas |
| What does glucagon do? | stimulate glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose) |
| How does glucagon affect the blood glucose level? | raises blood glucose level |
| Where are ketone bodies made? | in the liver |
| What are ketone bodies made from? | excess fatty acids are partially metabolized into ketone bodies (waste product) |
| Ketone bodies are 98%... | acid |
| Define ketonuria | ketone bodies in the urine |
| Define ketonemia | ketone bodies in the blood |
| Define ketoacidosis | blood pH less than 7.35 due to ketone bodies (blood pH is too acid) |
| Define hyperglycemia | high blood glucose |
| Define hypoglycemia | low blood glucose |
| Define glucosuria/glycosuria | glucose in the urine |
| renal threshold | blood level above which glucose spills into the urine (maximum absorptive capacity is 160-180mg/dL) |
| IDDM diabetes is also known as | Type I/ juvenile 5-10% OF DIABETICS |
| IDDM age of onset: | any age, more common in youth (less than 20) |
| What is IDDM? | insulin dependent diabetes mellitus |
| IDDM - type of onset: | acute or abrupt |
| IDDM symptoms: | weight loss, polyuria (increased urine), polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger) |
| IDDM Endogenous insulin | none (pancreas not making insulin) |
| IDDM -Causes: | genetic susceptibility, autoimmune, destruction of beta cells |
| NIDDM- Also known as: | Type II, adult onset (90 - 95%) |
| NIDDM Age of onset: | any age, more common in adults, uaully over 30 |
| NIDDM - Tpye of onset: | gradual |
| NIDDM- Symptoms: | sometimes none |
| NIDDM- Endogenous insulin: | Some (pancreas is making some) |
| NIDDM- Oral agents used: | 1/3 of the time, 1/3 diet + exercise, 1/3 need insulin injections |
| NIDDM- Cause: | genetic- betea cell exhaustion, target cell resistance, 80% overweight, other 20% greater than ideal bodyweight |
| What is diabetes type determined by? | What is CAUSING the diabetes |
| Which type of diabetes has a tendency to get ketoacidosis and is difficult to control? | Type I |
| Which type of diabetes may be controlled by diet alone? | Type II |
| What do diabetics in poor control metabolize instead of glucose? | fatty acids/ lipids/ triglycerides |
| What is retinopathy? | sclerosis of the tiny blood vessels in the eye specifically in the retina, harden and weak and can cause blindness, retinal detachment |
| what does some complications of diabetes | atherosclerosis- lipid deposits within artery walls |
| in diabetic coma the insulin level is | low |
| in a diabetic coma the blood glucose level is | hiGh |
| in a diabetic coma the urine glucose is | high |
| in a diabetic coma onset is: | Hours to a day |
| in a diabetic coma symptoms are | deep breathing/acidosis, dry/dehydration, fruity breathdue to ketones, drowsy and lethargic, coma |
| treat a diabetic coma with | insulin |
| in insulin shock the insulin level is | too high, not enough food/excess exercise/ alcohol lowers blood sugar |
| during insulin shock the blood glucose level is | too low |
| during insulin shock the urine glucose level is | Negative |
| during insulin shock the onset is | sudden within minutes |
| during insulin shock the symptoms are: | shallow breathing, perspiration, rapid heart action, breath odor is normal, lightheaded, I feel faint, may act intoxicated, coma - same as diabetic coma symptoms |
| during insulin shock treat the patient with | 15 grams of readily available carbohydrate such as small boxes of raisins, 7-8 life savers, half a cup of OJ, half a cup of soda, NOT a candy bar the protein slows absorption of sugar into bloodstream |
| what are symptoms of hypoglycemia? | blood sugar less than 45 to 60 milligrams per deciliter |
| what is a fasting blood glucose sample? | 8 to 12 hours no food or beverages other than water |
| what does OGTT stand for? | oral glucose tolerance test |
| what samples are taken for the OGTT? | fasting blood sugar 1, 2, 3 hours after drinking glucola |
| why would the physician order and OG TT for a patient? | If they think the patient is diabetic they have a high fasting glucose sample or glucose in the urine, if it runs in the family, pregnant women 24 to 28 weeks |
| what samples are taken for the OGTTis hypoglycemia is suspected | 4 & 5 hours |
| give the renal threshold given the renal threshold and a patient's blood glucose level how would you determine if glucose will be in the urine | by the blood glucose level |
| what is the normal result for 2 hour postprandial glucose test? | Less than 140 milligrams per deciliter |
| what does the HB - A1c test measure? | Hemoglobin A combined with glucose (HgbA1) |
| what is the advantage of the HBA 1c glycosylated hemoglobin test? | Reflects blood glucose over a three month period. normal 4-%6. this is for blood sugar concentration, Not hemoglobin! |
Created by:
ma2b
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