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Chapter 6: Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | The ability of skeletal muscles to shorten with force. |
| Excitability | The capacity of skeletal muscles to respond to a stimulus. |
| Extensibility | The ability to be stretched. |
| Elasticity | The ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. |
| What do muscles do? | They help produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature. |
| Epimysium | Skeletal muscle that is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath. |
| Fascia | Another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. |
| Perimysium | Loose connective tissue. |
| Endomysium | Fiber that is surround by connective tissue. |
| myofibrils | A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. |
| What are the two major types of protein fibers? | Actin and myosin myofilaments |
| Actin Myofilaments | They are thin myofilaments: they resemble two minute strands of pearls twisted together. |
| Myosin Myofilaments | They are thick myofilaments: they resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. |
| Sacrcomeres | Highly ordered units that are joined end to end to form the myofibrils |
| Resting membrane potential | The change difference across the membrane. |
| Action potential | The brief reversal back of the charge |
| Motor Neurons | They are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. |
| Neuromuscular junction | Axons that enter the muscles and branch. Each branch that connects to the muscle. |
| Synapse | Near the center of the cell. |
| Motor unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers its innervates. |
| Presynaptic terminal | The enlarged nerve terminal. |
| Synaptic cleft | The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell. |
| Postsynaptic terminal | Muscle fiber is a. |
| Synaptic vesicles | Presynaptic terminal. |
| Acetylcholine | Secrete neurotransmitter. |
| Acetylcholinesterase | The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell that is rapidly broken down by an enzymes. |
| Sliding filament mechanism | The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction. |
| Muscle twitch | Is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers. |
| Threshold | A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level. |
| All-or-none-response | This phenomenon is called. |
| Lag phase | The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction. |
| Contraction phase | The time of contraction. |
| Relaxation phase | The time during which the muscle relaxes. |
| Tetany | Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing. |
| Recruitment | The increase in number of motor units being activated. |
| Creatine phosphate | When at rest they can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule. |
| Anaerobic respiration | Without oxygen. |
| Aerobic respiration | With oxygen. |
| Oxygen debt | The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells. |
| Muscle fatigue | Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells. |
| Isometric | Equal distance: holding a ball |
| Isotonic | Equal tension: throwing a ball |
| Muscle tone | Muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. |
| Fast-twitch fibers | Contract quickly and fatigue quickly. |
| Slow-twitch fibers | Contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. |
| Origin | Head: is the most stationary end of the muscles. |
| Insertion | Is then end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement. |
| Belly | The portion of the muscle between the orgin and intersection. |
| Synergists | Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements. |
| Antagonists | Muscles that work in opposition to one another. |
| Prime mover | Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement. |
| How are muscles classified? | their location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function. |
| Occipitofrontalis | Raises eyebrows |
| Orbicularis Oculi | Closes eyelid: crow's feet |
| Orbicularis Oris | Puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | Flattens the cheeks: trumpeter's muscles |
| Zygomaticus | Smiling |
| Levator Labili Superioris | Sneering |
| Depressor Anguli Oris | Frowing |
| Mastication | Chewing: Masseter(1 Pairs), Temporalis(1 Pairs) |
| What are the kissing muscles? | Orbicularis Oris and Buccinator |
| Extrinstic Muscle | Moves the tongue |
| Intrinstic Muscle | Changes the shape of the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Prime mover lateral neck muscles. Rotates and abducts the head. |
| Where does the A Band extend to? | The length of the myosin. |
| What does the H Zone consist of? | Only myosin. |
| When does the muscle contract? | It occurs as the actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres the shorten. |
| Skeletal Muscles | Voluntary |
| Cardiac Muscles | Involuntary |
| Smooth Muscles | Involuntary |
| What are the functions of muscles? | Producing movement, maintaining posture, stabilizing joints, and generating heat. |
| Where do muscles attach? | At it's origin and insertion. |
| Some muscles have multiple origins or head? | True |
| Where is a neuromusclular junction formed at? | An enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indention of the muscle cell membrane. |
| Platysma | Creates a downward sag of the mouth. |
| Pectoralis Major | Adducts and flexes the arm. |
| Rectus Abdominis | Flexes vertebral column |
| External Oblique | Flexes and rotates vertebral column. |
Created by:
heather1012
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