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Chapter 6 - Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| Excitability | The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| The ability to be stretched | Extensibility |
| The ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | Elasticity |
| Epimysium | Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle |
| Connective tissue located outside of the epimysium that surrounds and separates the muscles | Fascia |
| Numerous visible bundles of muscle fibers | Fasciculi |
| Loose connective tissue that surrounds the fasciculi | Perimysium |
| Muscle Cells | Muscle Fibers |
| Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber | Endomysium |
| Mybrofils | Threadlike structures that extend from ne end of the fiber to the other |
| Thin myofilaments that resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together | Actin Myofilaments |
| Thick myofilaments that resemble bundles of minute golf clubs | Myosin Myofilaments |
| The basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | Sarcomere |
| Attachment site for actin | Z Line |
| Light are on each side of the Z Line | I Band |
| The darker central region in each sarcomere | A Band |
| Light area in the center of each sarcomere | H Zone |
| Dark staining band in the center of the sarcomere | M Line |
| The charge difference across the membrane | Resting Membrane Potential |
| The brief reversal back of the charge | Action Potential |
| Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | Motor Neurons |
| Each axon branch that connects to the muscles | Neuromuscular Junction or Synapse |
| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | Motor Unit |
| The enlarged nerve terminal | Presynaptic Terminal |
| The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | Synaptic Cleft |
| The muscle fiber | Postsynaptic Terminal |
| Vesicles that secrete acetylcholine | Synaptic Vesicles |
| Neurotransmitter that causes the muscle to contract | Acetylcholine |
| Enzyme that causes the muscle to relax | Acetylcholinesterase |
| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | Sliding Filament Mechanism |
| A contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | Muscle Twitch |
| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | Lag Phase |
| The time of contraction | Contraction Phase |
| The time during which the muscle relaxes | Relaxation Phase |
| Where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | Tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated | Recruitment |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| ATP is produced in the... | Mitochondria |
| ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate |
| Without oxygen | Anaerobic Respiration |
| With oxygen | Aerobic Respiration |
| The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | Oxygen Debt |
| Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster that it can be produced in the muscle cells | Muscle Fatigue |
| 2 types of muscle contraction | Isometric and Isotonic |
| The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | Isometric |
| The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | Isotonic |
| Constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time | Muscle Tone |
| Fibers that contract quickly and fatigue quickly | Fast-twitch Fibers |
| Fibers that contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue | Slow-twitch Fibers |
| The most stationary end of the muscle | Origin |
| The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | Insertion |
| The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | Belly |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | Synergists |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another | Antagonists |
| If one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | Prime Mover |
| Muscle that raises the eyebrows | Occipitofrontalis |
| Muscle that closes the eyelids | Orbicularis Oculi |
| "Kissing Muscles" | Orbicularis Oris and Buccinator |
| Muscle that puckers the lips | Orbicularis Oris |
| Muscle that flattens the cheeks | Buccinator |
| Muscle responsible for smiling | Zygomaticus |
| Muscle responsible for sneering | Levator Labii Superioris |
| Muscle responsible for frowning | Depressor Anguli Oris |
| Another word for chewing | Mastication |
| 2 muscles responsible for chewing | Masseter and Temporalis |
| Muscle that moves the tongue | Extrinsic |
| Muscle that changes the shape of the tongue | Intrinsic |
| Prime mover lateral neck muscle | Sternocleidomastoid |
| Muscles help produce... | heat |
| Muscle Fiber | Is a single cylindrical cell |
| Highly ordered units | Sarcomeres |
| A neuromuscular junction is formed by... | An enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane |
| Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing.. | A change in the postsynaptic cell |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus... | Until that stimulus reaches threshold |
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