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Compatative anatomy
muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the three ways to trace muscles for homologies? | nervous innervation,embryology,attachment similarity to bone,function |
| nerve innervation | nerve"travels"with muscle over time |
| embryology | looking at most basic form |
| attachment to similar bone | as bone shifts muscle goes with it |
| muscle function | move bone,source of heat via mitochondria,keeping internal organs functioning,muscles in abdominal region restrict a space,help fight gravity,electric generation in electric eels, adds another layer of protection |
| striated muscle | long and attach to bones with many muscle fibers.skeletal muscle.voluntary |
| smooth muscle | blood vessels/stomach.internal organs.involuntary |
| cardiac muscle | heart.anastemosis and intercalated disks |
| anastemosis | the cells arent perfectly linear;they branch |
| intercalated disks | helps heart muscles work on the same pace via gap junctions. |
| what are the 3 parts to sheaths? | they are on skeletal muscle.epimyseum,perimyseum,endomyseum.all 3 are continous on a muscle. |
| epimyseum | outer layer.wraps whole entire muscle. |
| perimyseum | middle layer.around fasicles, attach individual muscles. |
| endomyseum | goes around each individual muscle cell. |
| tendons | at the very bottom of the epimyseum,peromyseum,endomyseum.aponeurosis is a sheet like tendon. |
| muscle on a microscopic level | sarcomere(individual contracting bands).made of actin-myosin(allow contractions) |
| naming muscles | name for direction the fibers run(external obliques).size(vastus).location/position(vastus lateralus).#divisions(tricep).origin/insertion (xiphi humeralis).action(Levator palatoquadrati).shape(tsapezius) |
| origin | midline of body.proximal on limb.stable place that doesnt move a lot.need antagonistic pairs. |
| insertion | distal,moveable |
| proximal helps what? | speed |
| distal helps what? | strength |
| axial embryology | main trunk of body.divided into dorsal(epaxial)and ventral(hypaxial) on fish. these are from epimere |
| hypobranchial embryology | below gill.modified hypaxial muscle that moves forward(epimere) |
| appendicular embryology | appendages(epimere) |
| branchial embryology | gills(epimere) |
| extrinsic eye muscles embryology | move the eye(epimere) |
| cardiac embryology | heart. (hypomoere) |
| smooth embryology | arteries/veins.(hypomere of mesoderm |
| agnatha muscles | axial are well developed.no subdivision into epaxial,hypaxial.segmentation(primitive trait).no appendicular.hypobranchials,branchials are poorly devveloped.mouth muscles are specialized |
| jawed fish muscles | epaxial/hypaxial divisions(divided by lateral line) are segmented head to tail into myomeres.hypobranchial-pectoral girdle,branchial arches,jaw.appendicular-dorsal are abductors,ventral are adductors. |
| evolutionary trends | axial muscles are less prominent.loss of segmentation of axials.remaining axial muscles more closely related to vert column.appendicular muscles larger,more diverse.branchial muscles repurposed. |
| amphibians axial muscles | epaxial are segmented,unspecialized;dorsalis trunci |
| amphibians hypaxial muscles | better developed,three groups:subvertebral(small,ventral flextion),rectus abdominis,lateral group(external oblique,interal oblique,transverse abdominal) |
| new muscles found in amphibians | appendicular:pelvic is small,pectoral is more coomplex and larger,connection to head is gone therefore more space for muscle connection and moving head. |
| reptile and mammal epaxial | from lateral to medial.Iliocostalis(ribs),longissimusdorsi(erect or spinae),transversospinalis(multifidi) |
| reptile and mammal hypaxial | subvertebral(reduced),rectus abdominus(doesnt insert on pectoral girdle),lateral group(abdominal(same),chest;ribs(new) |
| tetrapod appendicular | source of appendicular muscles is branchial(trapezium from cucullaris) and axial(serratus anterior) |
| from fish appendicular has what parts? | dorsal mass,ventral mass, remember rotation of elbows and knees,for greater subdivision of tetrapods vs. fish muscles |
| dorsal mass | latissimus dorsi,triceps(forelimb).sartorius,quads,vastus, gluteus(hindlimb). |
| ventral mass | pectoralis,biceps(forelimb).adductor femoris,hamstrings,biceps femoris,gracilis(hind) |
| Branchial | tetrapod derivatives.jaw muscles,1+2 are pharyngeal arches.ear muscles.shoulder,head ex:trapezius.larynx,throat muscles |
| cutaneous muscles | under skin.rare in reptiles,most common in mammals,platysma of neck |
| platysma of neck | diversities into facial muscles,move lips,ears.chewing communication.expressions |
| specializations in flight | supracoracoideus muscle and pectoralis muscle.the muscles are set up like a pully for a easy up stroke and powerful downstroke |
| supracoracoideus | small muscle dorsal |
| pectoralis | huge,originates on keel of sternum for powerful downstroke |
Created by:
ejohnson17
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