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Chapter 19
Section 2 Nonspecific defenses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ____ defenses are present at birth, provide a defense capability known as nonspecific resistance | nonspecific defenses |
| ___ keep hazardous organisms and materials outside the body. | physical barriers |
| _____ is the destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues | immunological surveillance |
| ____ are chemical messengers that coordinate the defense against viral infections | interferons |
| ___ is a system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens | complement |
| ____ is a localized, tissue level response that limits the spread of an injury of infection | inflammatory response |
| first line of cellular defense | phagocytes |
| ____ abundant mobile and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria | neutrophils |
| ____ less abundant than neutrophils, phagocytize foreign compounds or pathogens that have been coated wish antibodies | eosinophils |
| ___ are permanent residents of specific tissues and organs and are scattered among connective tissues. | fixed macrophages |
| ____ travel throughout body, go to site of injury by migrating through adjacent tissues or by recruitment form the circulating blood | free macrophages |
| phagocytes may be attracted to or repelled by chemicals in the surrounding fluids, a phenomenon called ___ | chemotaxis |
| the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells is called | immunological surveillance |
| the plasma membranes of cancer cells generally contain unusual proteins called ___ | tumor-specific antigens |
| proteins called ____ travel through the cytoplasm toward the cell surface and released through exocytosis and diffuse across a narrow gap separating NK cell from its target cell. The target cell can no longer maintain its internal environment and _____ | perforins, disintegrates |
| Which statement is most accurate regarding immunological escape? | Cancer cells often mutate and can sometimes avoid detection by NK cells. |
| ___ small proteins released by activated lymphocytes and macrophages, and tissue cells infected with virus | interferons |
| _____ slow spread of viral infections and stimulate the activities of macrophages and NK cells | interferons |
| _____ are chemical messengers released by tissue cells to coordinate local activities. It is a type of "interferon" | cytokines |
| ___ interferons are produced my cells infected with viruses. They attract and stimulate NK cells and enhance resistance to viral infection | Alpha |
| ___ interferons, secreted by fibroblasts, slow inflammation in a damaged area | Beta |
| ____ interferons, secreted by T cells and NK cells, stimulate macrophage activity | Gamma |
| most rapid and effective activation of the complement system occurs though the _____ | classical pathway |
| ____ begins when several complement proteins, notably properdin, interact in the plasma | properdin |
| the alternative pathway is important in the defense against ____, ____, and ____ | bacteria, parasites, virus-infected cells |
| ____ pathway ends with the conversion of an inactive complement protein to an activated form that attaches to the cell wall | classical |
| the ____ pathway begins when one of the complement proteins attaches to antibody molecules already bound to their specific antigen | classical |
| ____ is a process where coating of complement proteins and antibodies attracts phagocytes and makes target easier to engulf | opsonization |
| damaged cells release | prostaglandins, proteins, and potassium ions |
| The changes in the ____ environment trigger the process of inflammation | interstitial environment |
| mast cells release | heparin and histamine |
| circulating proteins called ____ can reset the temperature thermostat in the hypothalamus and raise body temperature | pyrogens |
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