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68C Ch.18 Ph.1 T.6
Hole's Essentials of A&P Chapter 18: Acids and Bases
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Electrolytes | substances that release ions in water |
Acids | electrolytes that release hydrogen ions H+ in water ie HCl releases H+ and Cl- |
Bases | electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions ie NaOH releases OH- when placed in water |
pH of 7.0 means what | equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions |
Buffers | chemicals that resist pH change, combine with hydrogen ions when these ions are in excess, or donate hydrogen ions when depleted. |
HCO3 | Bicarbonate |
H2CO3 | Carbonic acid |
Ion | an atom or group of bonded atoms which have lost or gained one or more electrons, making the negatively or positively charged |
what is beneficial about the high acidity of skin | helps kill microbes before they are able to enter body |
Aerobic respiration | process produces CO2 and H2O as its waste products |
Anaerobic respiration | process produces lactic acid which adds hydrogen ions to body fluids |
Aerobic metabolism | adequate oxygen is available, supplies your cells with energy. Body breaks down fat and sugars to produce ATP |
Anaerobic metabolism | creation of energy through combustion of carbohydrates without oxygen. Lungs cannot put enough oxygen into bloodstream to keep up with muscle demands |
when O2 is fully utilized additional energy can by released by metabolizing glycogen to pyruvate and lactate | Anaerobic metabolism |
Two main features of anaerobic metabolism | Glycogen depletion, lactic acidosis |
chemical compounds that function in body to minimize changes in pH by converting strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases | Chemical buffer systems |
Bicarbonate buffer system | excess H+ ions will combine with bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid, if conditions are alkaline carbonic acid will dissociate to release bicarbonate ions and H+ ions |
Phosphate buffer system | important in control of H+ ion concentration in tubular fluid of nephrons and in urine |
Protein buffer system | consist of plasma proteins such as albumins and proteins in cells including hemoglobin of RBC's. when pH falls, amino groups accepts H+ ions |
Respiratory excretion of Carbon dioxide | regulates H+ ion concentration by controlling rate and depth of breathing, physical exertion causes CO2 to increase which results in increase of carbonic acid. |
Renal excretion of Hydrogen | H+ ion will be placed in urine while bicarbonate will return to body, nephrons help regulate |
Normal levels of PaCO2 | 35-45 mmHg |
Normal levels of Bicarbonate | 22-26 mEq/L |
Process of interpreting ABG's | 1.start with pH 2.Assess PaCO2 3.Evaluate metabolic indicators (HCO3) |
Acidosis | increase in blood carbonic acid or decrease in bicarbonate, pH below 7.35 |
Alkalosis | decrease in carbonic acid or increase in bicarbonate, pH greater than 7.45 |
Four basic types of imbalance | a.Respiratory acidosis b.Respiratory alkalosis c.Metabolic acidosis d. Metabolic alkalosis |
Respiratory Acidosis | excess of CO2 in blood, brought on by conditions that hinder pulmonary ventilation, labored breathing, cyanosis |
Respiratory Alkalosis | decrease in dissolved CO2 in blood, increase blood pH, lightheaded, tingling |
Metabolic Acidosis | caused by decrease HCO3 and decreased pH or increase in metabolic acids, rapid deep breathing |
Metabolic Alkalosis | caused by relative increase of HCO3 in blood, brought on by non-respiratory losses of acids from body or by accumulation of bases, decreased rate and depth of breathing |
Why do hydrogen ion secreted into the tubule lumen react with sodium bicarbonate | to prevent the urine from becoming to acidic |
In respiratory acidosis the kidneys will retain increased amounts of bicarbonate to increase pH | True |
The average adult takes in approximately ________of water daily. | 2500 mL |
An increase in plasma carbon dioxide will stimulate a(n) _______in respiratiory rate and a(n) _______ renal secretion of hydrogen ions | increase, increase |
Any solution which has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution is a(n) ________ solution | hypotonic |
The thirst center of the body is located in the _______. | hypothalamus |