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68C Ch.16 Ph.1 T.6
Hole's Essentials of A&P Chapter 16: Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the organs in the upper respiratory tract | nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx |
| Name the organs in the lower respiratory tract | larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs |
| Paranasal sinuses | air filled spaces located within frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary bone and open into the nasal cavity, lighten the skull and act as resonance chambers for sound |
| Name the subdivisions of the pharynx | Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
| Eustachian Tubes | open into the nasopharynx, provides connection to the middle ear, permits equalization of pressure between external and middle ear |
| pharynx | passageway for food, produce the sounds of speech |
| larynx | prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea, composed of cartilage, muscle and other connective tissue, houses vocal cords |
| cricoid cartilage | ring shaped mass of cartilage, found at the base of the larynx |
| trachea | tube descending from larynx branching into right and left main bronchi, semi-flexible tube lined with ciliated mucous membranes w/ goblet cells |
| nasal conchae | bones that curl out from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, increase surface area, support mucous membrane which line cavity |
| bronchioles | small tubes of smooth muscles with no cartilage that branch into smaller aveolar ducts |
| Lungs | occupy cavity of the thorax that effect aeration of blood, composed of tubular structures and alveoli bound together by elastic connective tissue,separated by mediastinum |
| Intrapleural space | potential space between visceral and parietal pleura that contains thin layer of serous fluid which serves as lubricant to allow sliding movement between lungs and chest wall |
| Microscopic terminal chambers surrounded by capillary network, continuous gas exchange occurs through walls of alveoli | Alveolus |
| reduces surface tension so alveoli increase, mixture of lipids and proteins | surfactant |
| breathing or ventilation is movement of air from outside the body into and out of alveoli | Pulmonary ventilation |
| considered the main muscle of inspiration, contraction expands thoracic cavity vertically, innervated by phrenic nerve | Diaphragm |
| forced inspiration | contraction of external intercostal muscles, raise the ribs and elevate sternum, expands the thoracic cavity horizontally |
| accessory muscles | help pull thoracic cage further upward and outward ie pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid |
| expiration | passive process, action decrease or shrink thoracic cavity and increase pressue, air will rush out until pressure is equalized, end of normal expiration |
| forced expiration | contraction of internal intercostals, abdominal viscera, focus diaphragm higher |
| different intensities during inhalation and exhalation move different volumes of air into and out of lungs, different volumes can be measured by spirometer | Respiratory volumes |
| volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiratory cycle 500mL | Tidal volume TV |
| maximum air that can be inspired beyond normal tidal inspiration during forced 3000-3300 mL | Inspiratory reserve volume IRV |
| Expiratory reserve volume ERV | amount of air can be expired beyond normal tidal expiration during forced 1000-1200 mL |
| Residual volume RV | amount of air remains in lungs after maximum forced expiration, cannot be directly measured, air allows blood to continue gas exchange in alveoli |
| Vital capacity | amount of air person can exhale after taking deepest breath possible 4500-5000mL TV+IRV+ERV |
| Total lung capacity | varies with age, sex, body size, position defomities and disease processes can affect, 5700-6200mL vital capacity+RV |
| controls both inspiration and expiration ie medulla oblongata, pons | brainstem |
| area located in the medulla oblongata sensitive to slight changes in CO2 and H+ in the CSF, raises tidal volume | chemosensitive |
| detect levels of O2, CO2 and pH in blood, stimulates receptors increasing breathing rate | peripheral chemoreceptors |
| covers the walls of the pleural cavity | parietal pleura |
| oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through alveoli and capillary walls through.. | partial pressure |
| surface tension in the pleural cavity is reduced by | surfactant |
| primary cancers of the lungs usually arise in the | bronchial epithelium |
| the force responsible for normal expiration mainly comes from | elastic recoil of tissues in the lungs and thoracic wall |
| neurons most important for stimulating the diaphragm are located in the | dorsal respiratory group |
| the walls of the alveoli contain | simple squamous epithelium |
| why is the cartilage of the trachea shaped like a C instead of an O | so when swallowing the esophagus may expand behind it |
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