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Med. Terms. A&P III
Medical Terminology for Nervous/Endocrine Systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Corticoids (Endocrine System) | hormones secreted by the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex |
| Cretinism (Endocrine System) | dwarfism caused by hypo-secretion of the thyroid gland |
| Cushing's Syndrome (Endocrine System) | a condition caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex |
| Diabetes Insipidus (Endocrine System) | a condition resulting from hyposecretion of ADH in which large volumes of urine are formed and if left untreated, may cause serious health problems |
| Diabetes Mellitus (Endocrine System) | a condition resulting when the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose. (Disturbs carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism.) |
| Endocrine (Endocrine System) | secreting into the blood or tissue fluid rather than into a duct |
| Exocrine (Endocrine System) | secreting into a duct |
| Exophthalmos (Endocrine System) | abnormal protrusion of the eyes |
| Gigantism (Endocrine System) | condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life; results in a child who grows to gigantic size |
| Glucocorticoids (Endocrine System) | hormones that influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex |
| Gluconeogenesis (Endocrine System) | formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or fat compounds |
| Goiter (Endocrine System) | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Hormone (Endocrine System) | substance secreted by an endocrine gland and transported in the blood |
| Mineralocorticoids (Endocrine System) | hormone that influences mineral salt metabolism (electrolyte concentrations); secreted by adrenal cortex; aldosterone is the chief mineralocorticoid |
| Myxedema (Endocrine System) | condition caused by deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults |
| Parathyroid Glands (Endocrine System) | set of glands located on the surface of the thyroid gland |
| Prostaglandins (Endocrine System) | group of naturally occurring fatty acids that affect many body functions |
| Target Cells (Endocrine System) | organ or cell acted on by a particular hormone and responding to it |
| Anosmia (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | complete or partial loss of sense of smell |
| Anopia (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | absence of an eye |
| Aqueous Humor (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | thin, clear watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens (anterior and posterior chamber). |
| Blepharities (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | inflammation of the eyelid margins |
| Choroid (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | middle, vascular layer of the eye |
| Cochlea (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | coiled tube in the inner ear |
| Conjunctivitis (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | inflammation of the conjunctiva |
| Cornea (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber |
| Cranial Nerve (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | a nerve that arises from the underside of the brain or the brainstem |
| Diplopia (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | double vision |
| Hemianopia (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | blindness in one half of the visual field |
| Iris (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | colored muscular part of the eye |
| Labyrinth (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | complex system of connecting chambers and tubes of the inner ear |
| Lacrimal Gland (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | tear gland |
| Sclera (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | tough outer protective layer of the eye |
| Somatic Nervous System (SNS) (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | consists of the cranial and spinal nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles. The SNS controls conscious activities |
| Special Senses (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | senses that stem from receptors associated with specialized sensory organs; nose eye, ear, tongue |
| Tympanic Membrane (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | eardrum |
| Vitreous Humor (Cranial Nerves & Special Senses) | clear jellylike substance within the posterior cavity of the eye |
| Afferent Neurons (Nervous System) | sensory neurons |
| Arachnoid Mater (Nervous System) | delicate, web-like middle layer of meninges |
| Ascending Tracts (Nervous System) | nerve tracts in the spinal cord that carry information to the brain |
| Autonomic Nervous System (visceral nervous system) (Nervous System) | portion of nervous system that regulates the activities of the internal organs (viscera) |
| Axon (Nervous System) | nerve fiber; conducts an nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body |
| Central Nervous System (Nervous System) | brain and spinal cord |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (Nervous System) | fluid in the ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space of the meninges, and the central canal of the spinal cord |
| Dendrite (Nervous System) | process of a neuron that receives input from other neurons |
| Descending Tracts (Nervous System) | process of a neuron that receives input from other neurons |
| Dura Mater (Nervous System) | tough outer layer of meninges |
| Efferent Neurons (Nervous System) | motor neurons |
| Ganglia (Nervous System) | a mass of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS |
| Gyri (Nervous System) | ridges or convolutions on the surface of the Cerebrum separated by shallow grooves called a sulcus or deep groove called a fissure |
| Meninges (Nervous System) | membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord |
| Motor Neuron (Nervous System) | efferent neurons carry impulse out of brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands |
| Myelin (Nervous System) | fatty material that forms a sheath like covering around some axons |
| Neuron (Nervous System) | nerve cell |
| Neurotransmitter (Nervous System) | chemical that an axon end secretes on an effector (muscle or gland) or another neuron |
| Nervous System Homeostasis (Nervous System) | through sensation of changes in the internal and external environment, and the responses to those changes, the nervous system coordinates all other body systems to maintain homeostasis |
| Nodes of Ranvier (Nervous System) | narrow gaps in the Schwann cells (myelin sheath) –that allow the impulse is conducted from node to node (Saltatory conduction) and thus is sped up |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System (Nervous System) | portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord; most active under normal, restful conditions and counterbalances sympathetic nervous system |
| Peripheral Nervous System (Nervous System) | portion of the nervous system outside the central nervous system |
| Pia Mater (Nervous System) | inner layer of meninges that encloses the brain and spinal cord |
| Receptors (Nervous System) | cell surface structures that detect changes in the environment and transmit a signal to the inside of the neuron |
| Resting Potential (Nervous System) | the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of an undisturbed nerve cell membrane |
| Sensory Neuron (Nervous System) | neuron that transmits an impulse from a receptor to the central nervous system |
| Spinal Cord (Nervous System) | portion of the central nervous system extending from the brain stem through the vertebral cord |
| Subarachnoid Space (Nervous System) | space within the meninges between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater |
| Sulcus (Nervous System) | shallow groove on the surface of the brain |
| Sympathetic Nervous System (Nervous System) | portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; prepares the body for energy-expending, stressful, or emergency situations |
| Synapse (Nervous System) | connection between the axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another neuron |
| 3 Major Sections of a Neuron (Nervous System) | Cell Body - contains typical organelles usually found in cells Dendrites - highly branched extension of cell body Axon - slender, cylindrical process of cell body that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body |
| Functions of a Neuron (Nervous System) | Reacts to changes in their surroundings and transmits information in the form of impulses |
| Types of Neurons (Nervous System) | Sensory Neurons, Intesetrneurons, Motor Neurons |
| Types of Sensory Neurons (Nervous System) | Afferent, Mostly Unipolar, some Bipolar |
| Types of Interneurons (Nervous System) | Multipolar |
| Types of Motor Neurons (Nervous System) | Efferent, Multipolar |
| Sensory Neuron Structure and Function (Nervous System) | Tpyically have a long dendrite and short axon, and carrys messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system; Multipolar - 1 Axon & the rest are Dendrites; Unipolar - A single process |
| Interneurons Locations (Nervous System) | found only in the central nervous system where they connect neuron to neuron |
| Motor Neurons Structure and Functions (Nervous System) | Have a long axon and short dendrites and transmit messages from the central nervous system to the muscles (or to the glands) |
| Nerve Covering (Nervous System) | fibrous connective tissues; Endorneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium |
| Endoneurium (Nervous System) | surrounds individual fibers within a nerve |
| Perineurium (Nervous System) | surrounds a group (fascicle) of nerve fibers |
| Epineurium (Nervous System) | surrounds the entire nerve |
| Nerves Make-up(Nervous System) | bundle of peripheral axons |
| Tract (Nervous System) | bundle of central axons |
| White Matter (Nervous System) | tissue composed primarily of myelinated axons (nerves or tracts) |
| Gray Matter (Nervous System) | tissues composed primarily of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers |
| Efferent (Nervous System) | conducted or conducting outward or away from something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied). |
| Afferent (Nervous System) | conducting or conducted inward or toward something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied). |
| How is Myelin Sheath Formed (Nervous System) | Formed from the plasma membranes of specialized glial cells known as Schawnn cells |
| Function of Myelin Sheath (Nervous System) | Functions to increase the speed of conduction through neuron |
| Dura Mater (Nervous System) | Outermost layer, composed of tough, white fibrous connective tissue, contains many bloods vessels and nerves. |
| Arachnoid (Nervous System) | Thin, web-like membrane that lacks blood vessels. Located between the dura mater and pia mater |
| Subarachnoid Space (Nervous System) | CSF filled space between arachnoid and pia mater |
| Pia Mater (Nervous System) | Thin delicate innermost layer attached to the organ surface, contains nerves and blood vessels, contains cauliflower-like masses of specialized capillaries called Choroid Plexus |
| Cranial Nerve 1 (Nervous System) | Olfactory Nerve |
| Cranial Nerve 2 (Nervous System) | Optic |
| Cranial Nerve 3 (Nervous System) | Oculomotor |
| Cranial Nerve 4 (Nervous System) | Trochlear |
| Cranial Nerve 5 (Nervous System) | Trigeminal |
| Cranial Nerve 6 (Nervous System) | Abducens |
| Cranial Nerve 7 (Nervous System) | Facial |
| Cranial Nerve 8 (Nervous System) | Vestibulocochlear |
| Cranial Nerve 9 (Nervous System) | Glossopharyngeal |
| Cranial Nerve 10 (Nervous System) | Vagus |
| Cranial Nerve 11 (Nervous System) | Spinal Accessory |
| Cranial Nerve 12 (Nervous System) | Hypoglossal |
Created by:
mdlavin
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