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Exam 4 A & P 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Corticoids | hormones secreted by the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex |
| Cretinism | dwarfism caused by hypo-secretion of the thyroid gland |
| Cushing's Syndrome | a condition caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex |
| Diabetes Insipidus | a condition resulting from hyposecretion of ADH in which large volumes of urine are formed and if left untreated, may cause serious health problems. |
| Diabetes Mellitus | a condition resulting when the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose. (Disturbs carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism.) |
| Endocrine | secreting into the blood or tissue fluid rather than into a duct |
| Exocrine | secreting into a duct |
| Exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyes. |
| Gigantism | condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life; results in a child who grows to gigantic size |
| Glucocorticoids | hormones that influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex. |
| Gluconeogenesis | formulation of glucose or glycogen from protein or fat compounds |
| Goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| Hormone | substance secreted by an endocrine gland and transported in the blood |
| Mineralocorticoids | hormone that influences mineral salt metabolism (electrolyte concentrations); secreted by adrenal cortex; aldosterone is the chief mineralocorticoid |
| Myxedema | condition caused by deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults |
| Parathyroid Glands | set of glands located on the surface of the thyroid gland |
| Prostaglandins | group of naturally occurring fatty acids that affect many body functions |
| Target Cells | organ or cell acted on by a particular hormone and responding to it |
| Anosmia | complete or partial loss of sense of smell |
| Anopia | absence of an eye |
| Aqueous Humor | thin, clear watery fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens (anterior and posterior chamber). |
| Blepharities | inflammation of the eyelid margins |
| Choroid | middle, vascular layer of the eye |
| Cochlea | coiled tube in the inner ear |
| Conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva |
| Cornea | the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber |
| Cranial Nerve | a nerve that arises from the underside of the brain or the brainstem |
| Diplopia | double vision |
| Hemianopia | blindness in one half of the visual field |
| Iris | colored muscular part of the eye |
| Labyrinth | complex system of connecting chambers and tubes of the inner ear |
| Lacrimal Gland | tear gland |
| Sclera | tough outer protective layer of the eye |
| Somatic Nervous System (SNS) | consists of the cranial and spinal nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles. The SNS controls conscious activities |
| Special Senses | senses that stem from receptors associated with specialized sensory organs; nose eye, ear, tongue |
| Tympanic Membrane | eardrum |
| Vitreous Humor | clear jellylike substance within the posterior cavity of the eye |
| Afferent Neurons | sensory neurons |
| Arachnoid Mater | delicate, web-like middle layer of meninges |
| Ascending Tracts | nerve tracts in the spinal cord that carry information to the brain |
| Autonomic Nervous System (visceral nervous system) | portion of nervous system that regulates the activities of the internal organs (viscera) |
| Axon | nerve fiber; conducts an nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body |
| Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | fluid in the ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space of the meninges, and the central canal of the spinal cord |
| Dendrite | process of a neuron that receives input from other neurons |
| Descending Tracts | nerve tracts in the spinal cord that carry information from the brain to the muscles and glands |
| Dura Mater | tough outer layer of meninges |
| Efferent Neurons | motor neurons |
| Ganglia | a mass of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS |
| Gyri | ridges or convolutions on the surface of the Cerebrum separated by shallow grooves called a sulcus or deep groove called a fissure |
| Meninges | membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord |
| Motor Neuron | efferent neurons carry impulse out of brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands |
| Myelin | fatty material that forms a sheath like covering around some axons |
| Neuron | nerve cell |
| Neurotransmitter | chemical that an axon end secretes on an effector (muscle or gland) or another neuron |
| Nervous System Homeostasis | through sensation of changes in the internal and external environment, and the responses to those changes, the nervous system coordinates all other body systems to maintain homeostasis |
| Nodes of Ranvier | narrow gaps in the Schwann cells (myelin sheath) –that allow the impulse is conducted from node to node (Saltatory conduction) and thus is sped up |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord; most active under normal, restful conditions and counterbalances sympathetic nervous system |
| Peripheral Nervous System | portion of the nervous system outside the central nervous system |
| Pia Mater | inner layer of meninges that encloses the brain and spinal cord |
| Receptors | cell surface structures that detect changes in the environment and transmit a signal to the inside of the neuron |
| Resting Potential | the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of an undisturbed nerve cell membrane |
| Sensory Neuron | neuron that transmits an impulse from a receptor to the central nervous system |
| Spinal Cord | portion of the central nervous system extending from the brain stem through the vertebral cord |
| Subarachnoid Space | space within the meninges between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater |
| Sulcus | shallow groove on the surface of the brain |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; prepares the body for energy-expending, stressful, or emergency situations |
| Synapse | connection between the axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another neuron |
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