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test 12/5/08
test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| upper respiratory system | nose, pharynx |
| lower respiratory system | layrnx, trachea, broncho, lungs |
| External nares | nostrils |
| Internal nares | internal openings that connect to the throat |
| Nasal cavity | above the mouth inside of internal nose |
| Nasal septum | divide the nasal cavity into left and right |
| Pharynx | throat |
| Nasopharynx | upper portion, pharyngeal tonsils, Eustachian tubes |
| Oropharynx | middle portion, palatine, lingual tonsils |
| Laryngopharynx | lower, connect to the esophagus and trachea |
| Larynx | voice boc c4-6 |
| Thyroid cartilage | made upof hyaline cartilage, makes up the anterior wall/layrnx |
| Epiglottis | elastic flap, cover the trachea |
| Cricoid cartilage | hyaline cartilage, attached to the 1st ring of trachea |
| Arytenoids cartilage | sit above the cricoid, attatched to the vocal choards, also have a muscle, pharyngeal muscle, voice production |
| True vocal chords | elastic ligaments, vibrate to produce sound waves, increase pressure increases the volume of the sound |
| Parietal pleura | line the cavity where the lungs are |
| Visceral pleura | cover the lungs themselves |
| Pleura cavity | space in between visceral and parietal pleura |
| Apex | top |
| Hilus | where the bronchi enter the lungs |
| Fissures | separate the lobes |
| Lobes | region of the lungs r-3 l-2 |
| Alveolar sacs | is the air sac surrounded by respiratory membrane for gas exchange |
| Surfactant | a lubricant to prevent the lungs from adhering to themselves, devlops at 36 weeks |
| Quiet inspiration muscles | diaphragm, external intercostals |
| Forced inspiration muscles | SCM (sternocleidomastoid), scalenes, pectoralis minor |
| Quiet expiration muscles | passive by elastic recoil |
| Forced expiration muscles | internal intercostals, external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominus, rectus abdominus |
| Tidal volume | volume of 1 breath, 600mL |
| Inspiratory reserve volume | additional air inhaled after normal inhalation |
| Expiratory reserve volume | forced exhale volume |
| Residual volume | volume left over after forces exhalation |
| Total lung capacity | total volume can hold, about 6L |
| Gas exchange | follows gas laws |
| Partial pressure | P(total)= P1+P2+P3 |
| Boyles law | P = 1/volume |
| Carbon dioxide | increases in thes gas cause oxygen to be releases from Hb more rapidly |
| Acidity | decrease in pH causes oxygen to be released more readily |
| Temerature | increases in temperature causes oxygen to be released more rapidly |
| Carbon monoxide | binds to Hb 200x more strongly than oxygen |
| Carbon dioxide transport | Hb + carbon dioxide <- -> Hb carbon dioxide |
| Dissolved carbon dioxide | traveks in plasma to lungs and is exhaled |
| Amino acids | can travel on amino acids other than Hb |
| Bicaronate | can travel as bicarbonate ion to lungs |
| Pain | visceral pain decreases rate, sudden/severe pain leads to brief apnea, prolonged somatic pain increases rate |
| Inflation reflex | stretch receptors overstrecth -> inhibit inflammation |
| Renal capsule | covers the outside of the kidney, fibrous, tough |
| Renal cortex | outer portion of the kidney |
| Renal medulla | inner portion of the kidney |
| Renal pyramids | pyramid shaped structure in kidney contains nephrons |
| Renal columns | space between the renal pyramids |
| Renal pelvis | center area of the kidney where nephrons drain |
| Major calyces | drain the minor calyces |
| Minor calyces | drain the renal pyramids and collecting ducts |
| Glomerulus | filters the blood going into the nephron, initial filtering makes glomerular filtrate |
| Peritubular capillaries | surround the loop of Henle in the nephron for the tubular reabsorption |
| Nephrons | main functional unit of the kidney |
| renal corpuscle | the glomerulus and capsule around it |
| Renal tubule | carries the glomerular filtrate after it leaves the glomerulus tube changes names along the way |
| Glomerular filtrate | the filtered plasma after it has passed through the glomerulus |
| Bowman's capsule | structure around the glomerulus |
| Proximal convoluted tubule | the closest region to the glomerulus where the renal tube begins to take a cuvy route |
| Loop of Henle | portion of the renal tubule that extends down into the renal pyramid, is surrounded by the peritubular capillaries |
| Distal convoluted tubule | the portion of the renal tubule furthest from the glomerulues takes a curvy route |
| Collecting duct | drains the filtered fluid from the distal convoluted tubule which is now urine, and carries it down to the calyces in renal pelvis |
| Urine | fluid formed after passing through nephron, pale straw colored |
| Ureters | drain kidney into urinary bladder |
| Urinary bladder | store urine for more convenient time to excrete it when lying supine full bladder presses on urethra to prevent back flow |
| External urethral orifice | opening from the urethra to ext. body |
| Internal urethral orifice | opening from the bladder to urethra |
| Internal urethral sphincter | involuntary control |
| External urethral sphincter | voluntary control |
| Micturition | process of urination |
| .... |
Created by:
vanessamay21
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