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AP1-Chapter 2
notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is mater made of? | atoms |
| what do characteristics determine? | physiology on a molecular and cellular level |
| atomic particles: proton | positive, 1 mass unit |
| atomic particles: neutron | neural, one mass unit |
| atomic particles: electron | negative, low mass |
| what is the atomic number? | number or protons |
| what is the mass number? | number of protons and neutrons |
| what is the atomic weight? | sum of all particles |
| what is atomic weight measured in? | daltons |
| what makes an isotope different from a regular element on the periodic table? | different amount of neutrons |
| what is an isotope? | two or more elements with equal numbers of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons |
| what are the three types of chemical bonds? | ionic, covalent, hydrogen |
| how many electrons can the first energy level hold? | two |
| how many electrons can all other energy levels hold? | 8 |
| what makes an ionic bond and ionic bond? | it has either a positive or negative charge? |
| what is a cation? | positively charged ion |
| what is an anion? | negatively charged ion |
| what happens in an ionic bond? | one element looses or gains an electron form the other |
| what happens in a covalent bond? | atoms SHARE electrons |
| what are the two types of covalent bonds? | polar and nonpolar |
| what is unique about a NONPOLAR covalent bond? | they occur between two of the same type of atom |
| what is unique about a POLAR covalent bond? | it occurs between different types of atoms and has an unequal sharing of electrons |
| what is the universal solvent? | WATERRRRR |
| what is a hydrogen bond? | a weak attraction between water molecules |
| what can a hydrogen bond on water surface cause? | surface tension |
| what are the states of matter? | solid, liquid, gas |
| solid | definite shape and volume with very compacted slow-moving particles |
| liquid | constant volume but change in shape with faster passed moving particles |
| gas | no definitive shape or volume with very fast moving particles |
| what is energy? | the power to do work |
| what is work? | change is mass or distance |
| what are the 3 forms of energy? | kinetic. potential, and chemical |
| what is kinetic energy? | energy of motion |
| what is potential energy? | stored energy |
| what is chemical energy? | potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
| what is produced when energy is exchanged? | heat |
| what is a decomposition reaction? | breaks down molecules into smaller pieces AB -> A + B |
| what is a synthesis reaction? | assembles small fragments into larger molecules A + B -> AB |
| what is another word used for decomposition reaction? | catabolism |
| what is another word used for synthesis reaction? | anabolism |
| what is hydrolysis reaction? | water added to produce fragments A-B-C-D-E-+H2O --> A-B-C-H-HO-D-E |
| what is a dehydration reaction? | water comes out of reaction A-B-C-H+OH-D-E --> A-B-C-D-E +H2O |
| what is activation energy? | amount of energy required to start a reaction |
| AB -> A+ B what are the reactants? what are the products? | reactants-AB-going into reaction products-A+B-comes out of reaction |
| which side of the equation contains reactants? | left |
| which side of the equation contains the products? | right |
| what is another word for reactant? | substrate |
| what is a catalyst? | lowers activation energy and speeds up reaction |
| what is an organic compound? | deals with carbon or hydrogen |
| what is an inorganic compound? | not dealing with carbon or hydrogen |
| what is a nutrient? | essential molecules and elements normally obtained from food |
| what is a metabolite? | larger molecule made or broken down in the body |
| what is most of our body weight? | water |
| what is solubility? | ability to dissolve solute in a solvent |
| what is the solute? | dissolving substance |
| what is the solution? | mixture |
| what is the solvent? | liquid the solute is being dissolved in |
| what does lubrication do? | reduces friction and moistens |
| what does hydrophilic mean? | loving water; reacts well with water |
| which type of bond is hydrophilic? | mostly POLAR bonds |
| what does hydrophobic mean? | does not react well with water |
| which type of bond is hydrophobic? | mostly NONPOLAR bonds for example fats and oils |
| what is pH? | concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
| what is H+? | hydrogen ion |
| what is OH? | hydroxide |
| what is neutral pH? | balance of H+ and OH |
| what is the pH of pure water? | 7.0-neutral |
| what does it mean if a solution is acidic? | pH lower than 7; high H+ low OH |
| what does it mean if a solution is basic? | pH higher than 7; high OH low H+ |
| what is the pH of blood? | 7.4 |
| what is a salt? | ionic bonds that contain no H+s or OHs example NaCl |
| what is a buffer? | neutralizes acids and bases |
| monosaccharide | simple sugars(3-7 carbon atoms) -glucose -fructose |
| what is the most important metabolic fuel of the human body? | glucose |
| what is the chemical formula of glucose? | C6H12O6; 1:2:1 ratio |
| disaccharide | 2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration -sucrose |
| when glucose and fructose are combined what do they create? | sucrose |
| what is a polysaccharide? | MANY simple sugars -starches -glycogen -NOT EASY TO BREAK DOWN |
| where is glycogen stored? | in the liver and muscles |
| what is glycogen? | stored glucose |
| lipids | -hydrophobic(mostly NONPOLAR); mostly carbon and hydrogen |
| what is he most abundant energy form in the body? | fat |
| what are the 5 classes of lipids? | -fatty acids -eicosanoids -glycerides -steroids -phospholipids and glycolipids |
| what two types of fatty acids can one have? | saturated and unsaturated |
| saturated fatty acids are: | harder to breakdown; very long and straight -saturated with hydrogen; no covalent bonds |
| unsaturated fatty acids are: | easier to break down; curved and shorter -better for you -1 or more double bond |
| what are the two types of eicosanoids? | leukotrienes and prostaglandins |
| leuktrienes | involved in injury or disease; active in immune system |
| prostaglandins | stimulate pain |
| what are glycerides? | fatty acids attached to glyceride molecules |
| what is a triglyceride? | 3 fatty acid tails; fat storage molecule |
| what are the 4 types of steroids? | cholesterol, estrogens and testosterone, corticosteroids and calcitrol, and bile salts |
| what is cholesterol? | component of cell membrane |
| what are estrogens and testosterone? | sex hormones |
| what are corticosteroids and calcitrol? | metabolic regulation |
| what are bile salts? | processes dietary fats |
| what do phospholipids and glycolipids have? | hydrophobic tails with hydrophilic heads |
| what is the cell membrane made of? | phospholipids head liked h2o tail does not |
| what are proteins made of? | amino acids |
| how many basic amino acids are there? | 20 |
| 7 major protein function? | support, movement, transport, enzymes, hormones, anitbodies (immune response, clotting proteins) |
| what do all amino acids have in common (4 things) | -central carbon -hydrogen -amino group (-NH2) -caboxlic acrid group (-COOH) |
| what is the one thing that differs in amino acids? | variable side chin or R group |
| peptide bond | amino acid of 1 combines with coboxylic acid in other; peptide |
| protein structures: primary | long straight chain: polypeptide |
| protein structures: secondary | spirals (bending) |
| protein structures: tertiary | bend again |
| protein structures: quaternary | several tertiaries put together |
| what are the two protein shapes? | fibrous and globular |
| fibrous proteins | tough, in sheets/strands found in nails, hairs, nails, etc. DURABLE |
| globular proteins | spherical shaped; very soluble |
| what are the two parts of an enzymes? | substrate and active site |
| substrate | reactants of an enzyme reaction |
| active site | where the substrate join with the enzyme |
| what is a cofactor? | ion or molecule that binds to make an enzyme |
| what is a coenzyme? | vitamins |
| what are the three enzyme characteristics? | specificity, saturation limit, and regulation |
| what is specificity? | one enzyme catalyzes one reaction |
| what is saturation limit? | max work rate; higher the saturation limit more frequent the reaction will occur |
| what is regulation? | ability to turn the reaction on and off |
| shape and function of proteins | -function id based on shape -made of chains of amino acids -denaturation (loss of shape and function due to heat or PH) |
| what are the two protein combinations? | -glycoprotein -proteoglycans |
| what is a glycoprotein? | small protein with LARGE CARB -mucus |
| what is a proteoglycans? | -large polysaccharide & polypeptide -viscosity (syrup like) |
| nucleic acids | store and process info at the molecular level |
| what are the two main types of nucleic acids? | DNA and RNA |
| what is the name of DNA? | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| what does DNA do? | -inherited characteristics -protein synthesis -enzyme production -metabolism |
| what is the name of RNA? | ribonucleic acid |
| what is the difference in DNA and RNA? | DNA is a double helix; RNA is a single strand |
| what are the three types of RNA? | messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
| what is a nucleotide? | building block of DNA |
| what are the three molecular parts of a nucleotide? | -sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) -phosphate group -nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C and U) |
| what are the complimentary bases of nucleotides? | -Adenine-(A) -Thymine-(T) -Cytosine-(C) -Guanine-(G) |
| in RNA, what does Adenine match up with that differs from DNA? | uracil (u) |
| which bases match up? | A-T G-C A-U (RNA) |
| what is the name for ADP? | adenosine diphosphate (two phosphate groups) |
| what is the name for ATP? | adenosine triphosphate (3 phosphate groups) |
| what is the energy molecule? | ATP |
| what is phosphorylation? | adding a phosphate group to ADP with a high energy bond to form a high energy compound ATP |
| what is ATPase? | enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation |
Created by:
Lacey1
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