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Anatomy test1 review
Anatomy Test 1 Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anatomy | study of structure, shape of the body, body parts, their relation to one another |
| physiology | study of how the body and its parts function |
| structure determines what function can occur | |
| levels of organizaiton in the body simple-->complex | atoms, cells, tissues, organ, organ systems, organism |
| Integumentary | skin, hair, nails Function: protects, excrete, water proofs |
| Skeletal | Cartilage, joints, bones Function: support, protection, forms blood cells |
| muscular | muscles Function: movement |
| Nervous | brain , spinal cord, nerves Function: control center(Brain)transmit messages to spinal cords and nerves. |
| Endocrine | pituitary glands, thyroid gland, pancreas, ovaries Function: produce hormones which control body functions |
| circulatory | 2 systems a. cardiovascular- heart, blood vessels Function: carries nutrients and wastes B. lymphatic- lymph vessals, lymph nodes Function: assist in imunnity |
| Respritory | lungs, trachea, nose Function: supply Oxygen / Remove Co2 |
| Digestive | stomach, intestines, esophagus, Function: breaks down food, and gives the products to the blood |
| Urinary | kidneys, bladder , ureter Function: removes nitrogen containing waste from blood |
| reproductive | ovary, prostate gland, uterus Function: produce offspringcx |
| Functions Necessary for Life | Functions Necessary For Life |
| Maintain boundries | insides remain distinct from outside. Cell has cell membrane; body negramnetary system |
| movement | muscular system |
| digestion | breaks down food |
| metabolism | all chemical reactions in body depends on digestive and hormones ; controlled by endocrine system |
| Excretion | removes wastes |
| Reproduction | a. cellular original cell--> 2 daughter cells B. Organism- task of sperm and egg |
| Growth | increase in size; usually accompanied by increase in # of cells |
| Survival Needs | SURVIVAL NEEDS |
| What is the goal of all body systems? | Maintain life |
| Nutrients | Important for cell building and energy 5 vital nutrients a. carbohydrates-fuel/ energy b. proteins -cell building c. fats- cell building, cushions, reserve fuel d. minerals and vitamins - responisbe for chemical reaction that takes place in the body |
| Oxygen | Must be present to produce Chemical energy that releases energy from food |
| Water | 60-80% body weight, provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions |
| Body temperature | 37* C/ 98.6*F as body temp drops metabolic reaction slows--> stop/temp. increase reaction speed up proteins broken down. Death at either extreme |
| Correct Atmospheric pressure | Necessary for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. What happens at high altitudes- gas exchange |
| Define Homeostasis | body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition even though outside environment is changing. |
| How does the body maintain a stable internal environment? | Communication between 3 major components a. control center b. receptor c. Effector |
| Receptor | (sensory) Responds to changes in environment (internal or external) |
| Control center | (brain) determines appropriate level to maintain for each varible controlled |
| Effector | (muscles) provides a mean of response to stimulus triggered by control center |
| Anatomical position | body's standard position, body erect, feet parallel and the arms hanging a the side with palms facing forward |
| 3 different planes | a. medial b. frontal plane c. transverse plane |
| describe directional terms | used by personnel and anatomist allow them to explain exact where one body structure is in relation to one another. |
| superior | refers to the head or uper body regions |
| inferior | the front of an organism organ, or part |
| posterior | toward or at the backside of the body |
| Medial | toward the midline of the body |
| lateral | away from the midline of the body |
| intermidiate | between a more medial an a more lateral structure |
| proximal | toward the attached end of a limb or the origin of a sructure |
| distal | farthest from the point of attachment of a limb or origin of structure ex. knee is distal to thigh |
| superficial | located close to or on he body surface |
| deep | away from the body surface; more internal |
| 2 sets of internal body cavities | Dorsal body Cavity- cranial cavity, spine cavity; Ventral body cavity- thoracic cavity, adomond cavity, pelvic cavity, Abdoninapelvic cavity |
| ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS | ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS |
| abdominal | anterior bosy trunk inferior |
| antecubital | anterior surface of elbow |
| axillary | armpit |
| brachial | arm |
| buccal | cheek area |
| orbital | eye area |
| patellar | anterior knee |
| unbilical | naval |
| cervical | neck region |
| digital | fingers, toes |
| femoral | thigh |
| ingunial | are where thigh meets body trunk |
| oral | mouth |
| pubic | genital region |
| thoracic | chest |
| POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS | POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS |
| deltoid | curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle |
| gluteal | butlock |
| lumbar | area of back between ribs/ hips |
| occipital | osterior surface of head |
| popliteal | posterior knee area |
| scapular | shoulder blade region |
| sural | the posterior surface of lower leg , the calf |
| ABMOINOPELVIC CAVITY REGIONS | ABMOINOPELVIC CAVITY REGIONS |
| unibical region | |
| epigastric region | superior to unibalic region |
| hypogastric | inferior to uniballic region |
| rigth/ left iliac region | lateral to the hypogastric region |
| right /left lumbar region | lie later to the uniballic reason |
| right /left hypochondriac region | flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs |
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