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A&P Lecture
Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most cells are composed of the following four elements | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |
| Cells | are the building blocks of all living things |
| Anatomy of the Cell | Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane |
| The Nucleus is | Control center of the cell; contains genetic material, DNA |
| The Nucleus anatomy | Nuclear envelope /membrane, Nucleolus & Chromatin |
| Nuclear envelope | Barrier of the nucleus; Consists of a double membrane, contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell |
| Nucleoli | Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli Sites of ribosome assembly Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores |
| Chromatin | Composed of DNA and protein Present when the cell is not dividing Scattered throughout the nucleus Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides |
| Plasma Membrane | Barrier for cell contents Double phospholipid layer Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins |
| Cytoplasm | Cytosol Organelles Inclusions |
| Cytosol | Fluid that suspends other elements |
| Organelles | Metabolic machinery of the cell “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell |
| Inclusions | Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products |
| Cytoplasmic Organelles | Mitochondria,Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum Smooth and Rough, Lysosomes,Peroxisomes, Centrioles, Golgi apparatus, |
| Mitochondria | “Powerhouses” of the cell Change shape continuously Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food Provides ATP for cellular energy |
| Ribosomes | Made of protein and RNA Sites of protein synthesis Found at two locations Free in the cytoplasm As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Fluid-filled tubules or canals (cisterns) for carrying substances. Accounts for half of the cells membranes. |
| Two types of ER | Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Studded with ribosomes Synthesizes and exports protein |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | metabolizes lipid, cholesterol and detoxification of drugs and pesticides |
| Lysosomes | Contain enzymes produced by ribosomes Packaged by the Golgi apparatus Digest worn-out or non usable materials within the cell |
| Peroxisomes | Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) Replicate by pinching in half |
| Centrioles | Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division |
| Golgi apparatus | Modifies and packages proteins Produces different types of packages Secretory vesicles Cell membrane components Lysosomes |
| Golgi vesicle | containing membrane components fuses with the plasma membrane |
| Lysosome fuses | with ingested substances |
| Golgi vesicle containing digestive enzymes becomes a | lysosome |
| Cellular Projections:Not found in all cells | Cilia, Flagella, Microvilli |
| Cilia | move materials across the cell surface Located in the respiratory system to move mucus |
| Flagella | propel the cell The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm |
| Microvilli | are tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane Increase surface area for absorption |
| Epithelial cells | Cells that cover and line body organs |
| Epithelial cells anatomy | Nucleus Intermediate filaments |
| Skeletal muscle cell anatomy | Nuclei Smooth muscle cells |
| Skeletal muscle cell | Cells that move organs and body parts |
| Fat cell anatomy | Lipid droplet Nucleus |
| Fat cell | Cell that stores nutrients |
| Macrophage | Phagocyte cell extends long psedopods to crawl tissue to reach infection sites. the many lysosome within the cell digest the infectious microorganisms it takes up |
| Macrophage | Cell that fights disease |
| Nerve cell anatomy | Rough ER, Nucleus |
| Nerve cell | Cell that gathers information and controls body functions |
| neuroglia | |
| Cell of reproduction | Sperm |
| Sperm | Nucleus, Flagellum |
| Solution | homogeneous mixture of two or more components |
| Solvent | dissolving medium; typically water in the bod |
| Intracellular fluid | nucleoplasm and cytosol |
| Interstitial fluid | fluid on the exterior of the cell |
| Selective Permeability | The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others. This permeability influences movement both into and out of the cell. |
| Membrane Transport: Two basic methods of transport | Passive processes & Active processes |
| Passive processes | No energy is required |
| Active processes | Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP) |
| Diffusion | Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient |
| Passive Processes Types of diffusion | Simple diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated diffusion, Passive Processes, Active Processes, |
| Simple diffusion | An unassisted process Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores |
| Osmosis | simple diffusion of water Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins |
| Facilitated diffusion | Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances |
| Passive Processes | Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure A pressure gradient must exist Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a lower pressure area |
| Active Processes: Substances are transported that are unable to pass by diffusion | Substances may be too lg, Substances may not be able to dissolve in the fat core of the membrane, Substances may have to move against a concentration gradient |
| Active Processes, Two common forms of active transport | Active transport (solute pumping) Vesicular transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis |
| Active Processes | ATP is used for transport |
| Epithelium that consist of multiple layers of a cell | Stratified |
| The organelle that consist enzymes produced by ribosomes and packaged by the golgi apparatus is the | Lysosomes |
| the portion of the cells life cycle that does not involve cell division is known as | Interphase |
| Which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses | Nervous Tissue |
| the molecule that carries an amino acid to the ribosome for incorporation into a protein is | Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| Fat is best described as | Adipose tissue |
| Adenine bonds with | Thymine |
| Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as | Endocrine |
| Guanine bonds with | Cytosine |
| The type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and the walls of blood vessels is | Smooth mucles |
| A single layer of flatten cell would best be described as | Simple Squamous |
| Type of active process in which the cell secrets vesicles | Exocytosis |
| Organelle that captures energy to produce ATP | MItochondria |
| The type of muscle found in the heart movement is involuntary and cells possess stiations | Cardiac |
| Organelle that package substances for release from cell | Golgi apparatus |
| Aide Protein Synthesis | Ribosomes |
| Type of passive process in which water is moved through aquapororins | Osmosis |
| list the 4 major tissue types | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous tissue |
| the phases of Mitosis in order | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase |
| Rough ER | Has all essential material for building in the cell and assembles it it is considered the factory of the cell |
| Cytoskeleton | elaborated network of protein structures extends throughout the cytoplasm; acts like bones and muscle for cell shape and support of organelles |
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