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The Cell
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | -All living things are composed of cells. -The cell is the basic functional unit of life. -Cells arise only from pre-existing cells. -Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. The genetic material is passed from parent to daughter cell |
| Prokaryote (organisms) | Include bacteria as well as blue-green algae. |
| Prokaryote (characteristics) | -A cell wall is present in all prokaryotes. -No nucleus. -Ribosomes (30S and 50S). -No membrane-bound organelles. -Unicellular -Circular DNA (Plasmids) |
| Spherical Bacteria indicator | -Cocci |
| Rod-shaped Bacteria indicator | -Bacilli |
| Eukaryote (organism) | Protists, fungi, plants, and animals |
| Eukaryote (characteristics) | -Cell wall present in fungi, plants, and some protists, but not in animals -Nucleus -Ribosomes (40S and 60S) -Membrane-bound organelles -Unicellular or multicellular |
| Cell membrane | Made of a phospholipid bilayer. Studded with proteins and lipid rafts, these control the movement of solutes into and out of the cell. |
| Transport proteins | Allow polar molecules and ions to move in and out of the cell |
| Cell Adhesion Molecules | Proteins that allow cells to recognize each other and contribute to proper cell differentiation and development. |
| Nucleus | The control center of the cell. It contains the cell's genetic material, DNA, which serves to direct protein synthesis and serves as a genetic blueprint during cell replication. |
| Nucleolus | A subsection of the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized |
| Ribosomes | Responsible for protein production. Ships the new protein to the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Just outside the nucleus, the ER takes what the ribosomes provide and sends them to the correct location |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Works toward lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Moreso, directly involved in the production of protein products |
| Golgi apparatus | A series of membrane-bound sacs that receives material from the smooth ER and then repackages them to send to the cell surface for exocytosis. [Smooth ER breaks down poison and drugs. Get rid of them!!] |
| Vesicles and vacuoles | Used to transport and store materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell. |
| Lysosome | Take in garbage material and using hydrolyitic (acidic) enzymes, they break down materials ingested by the cell. |
| Mitochondria | Used for respiration of the cell. They contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission. |
| Microbodies | Catalyze specific types of reactions by sequestering the necessary enzymes and substrates. |
| Peroxisomes | A specific microbody responsible for the creation of hydrogen peroxide within a cell and is used to break down fats into usable molecules |
| Glyoxysomes | A specific microbody responsible for germinating plants, where they convert fats to usable fuel (sugars) until the plants can make its own energy via photosynthesis. |
| Chloroplast | Containing chlorophyll, they are responsible for the generation of energy using water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. |
| Cell wall | Surrounds the cell for both defense and increased stability. All plant cells have a cell wall (cellulose), fungi do too (chitin), and not all protists do. Animals do not have cell walls. |
| Centrioles | Organize the spindle apparatus on which chromosomes move during mitosis. |
| Cytoskeleton | A transport system composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. |
| Microfilaments | Made up of solid polymerized rods of actin. They interact with myosin in reference to muscular contraction. |
| Microtubules | Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins. They provide the largest roads for transport as well as structural support. They are involved in chromosomal separation during Mitosis and Meiosis. |
| Intermediate filaments | A collection of fibers that help maintain the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton |
| Pinocytosis | The endocytosis of fluids and dissolved particles |
| Phagocytosis | The ingestion of large solids such as bacteria. |
| Simple diffusion | Going from high to low concentration, without the use of a protein and energy, small, nonpolar molecules move through the cell membrane |
| Osmosis | Going from high to low concentration, without the use of a protein and energy, H2) goes through the plasma membrane |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Going from high to low concentration, with the use of a protein, but NO energy, large, polar, and ionic molecules move through the cell membrane |
| Active Transport | Going from low to high concentration, with the use of a protein and energy (ATP), molecules move through the cell membrane. |
| Epithelial tissue | The tissue that covers the body and line its cavities. It provides a means for protection against invasion and dessication. Also, it is involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation. |
| Connective tissue | Supports the body and provides a framework for higher-level interactions. [Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood are all connective tissues] |
| Nervous tissue | Consisting of neurons, they make use of electrochemical gradients to allow for cellular signaling and the coordinated control of multiple tissues, organs, and organ systems. |
| Muscle tissue | Three types: -Skeletal (Voluntary) -Smooth (Involuntary) -Cardiac (Involuntary) |
| Viruses | Acellular structures with a protein coat (capsid), that contain nuclear information (circular/linear, single/double stranded, DNA/RNA). |
| Virion | After hijacking a cell's machinery, a virus will replicate and turn out new copies of itself known as virions, which can be released to infect new cells |
| Bacteriophages | Viruses that specifically target bacteria. Injecting their genetic material inside the cell and leaving the remaining structures outside. |
Created by:
chri14
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