The Cell
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| Cell Theory | -All living things are composed of cells.
-The cell is the basic functional unit of life.
-Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
-Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. The genetic material is passed from parent to daughter cell
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| Prokaryote (organisms) | Include bacteria as well as blue-green algae.
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| Prokaryote (characteristics) | -A cell wall is present in all prokaryotes.
-No nucleus.
-Ribosomes (30S and 50S).
-No membrane-bound organelles.
-Unicellular
-Circular DNA (Plasmids)
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| Spherical Bacteria indicator | -Cocci
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| Rod-shaped Bacteria indicator | -Bacilli
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| Eukaryote (organism) | Protists, fungi, plants, and animals
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| Eukaryote (characteristics) | -Cell wall present in fungi, plants, and some protists, but not in animals
-Nucleus
-Ribosomes (40S and 60S)
-Membrane-bound organelles
-Unicellular or multicellular
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| Cell membrane | Made of a phospholipid bilayer. Studded with proteins and lipid rafts, these control the movement of solutes into and out of the cell.
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| Transport proteins | Allow polar molecules and ions to move in and out of the cell
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| Cell Adhesion Molecules | Proteins that allow cells to recognize each other and contribute to proper cell differentiation and development.
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| Nucleus | The control center of the cell. It contains the cell's genetic material, DNA, which serves to direct protein synthesis and serves as a genetic blueprint during cell replication.
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| Nucleolus | A subsection of the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized
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| Ribosomes | Responsible for protein production. Ships the new protein to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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| Endoplasmic reticulum | Just outside the nucleus, the ER takes what the ribosomes provide and sends them to the correct location
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Works toward lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Moreso, directly involved in the production of protein products
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| Golgi apparatus | A series of membrane-bound sacs that receives material from the smooth ER and then repackages them to send to the cell surface for exocytosis. [Smooth ER breaks down poison and drugs. Get rid of them!!]
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| Vesicles and vacuoles | Used to transport and store materials that are ingested, secreted, processed, or digested by the cell.
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| Lysosome | Take in garbage material and using hydrolyitic (acidic) enzymes, they break down materials ingested by the cell.
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| Mitochondria | Used for respiration of the cell. They contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission.
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| Microbodies | Catalyze specific types of reactions by sequestering the necessary enzymes and substrates.
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| Peroxisomes | A specific microbody responsible for the creation of hydrogen peroxide within a cell and is used to break down fats into usable molecules
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| Glyoxysomes | A specific microbody responsible for germinating plants, where they convert fats to usable fuel (sugars) until the plants can make its own energy via photosynthesis.
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| Chloroplast | Containing chlorophyll, they are responsible for the generation of energy using water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight.
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| Cell wall | Surrounds the cell for both defense and increased stability. All plant cells have a cell wall (cellulose), fungi do too (chitin), and not all protists do. Animals do not have cell walls.
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| Centrioles | Organize the spindle apparatus on which chromosomes move during mitosis.
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| Cytoskeleton | A transport system composed of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
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| Microfilaments | Made up of solid polymerized rods of actin. They interact with myosin in reference to muscular contraction.
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| Microtubules | Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins. They provide the largest roads for transport as well as structural support. They are involved in chromosomal separation during Mitosis and Meiosis.
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| Intermediate filaments | A collection of fibers that help maintain the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton
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| Pinocytosis | The endocytosis of fluids and dissolved particles
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| Phagocytosis | The ingestion of large solids such as bacteria.
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| Simple diffusion | Going from high to low concentration, without the use of a protein and energy, small, nonpolar molecules move through the cell membrane
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| Osmosis | Going from high to low concentration, without the use of a protein and energy, H2) goes through the plasma membrane
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| Facilitated Diffusion | Going from high to low concentration, with the use of a protein, but NO energy, large, polar, and ionic molecules move through the cell membrane
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| Active Transport | Going from low to high concentration, with the use of a protein and energy (ATP), molecules move through the cell membrane.
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| Epithelial tissue | The tissue that covers the body and line its cavities. It provides a means for protection against invasion and dessication. Also, it is involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation.
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| Connective tissue | Supports the body and provides a framework for higher-level interactions. [Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood are all connective tissues]
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| Nervous tissue | Consisting of neurons, they make use of electrochemical gradients to allow for cellular signaling and the coordinated control of multiple tissues, organs, and organ systems.
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| Muscle tissue | Three types:
-Skeletal (Voluntary)
-Smooth (Involuntary)
-Cardiac (Involuntary)
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| Viruses | Acellular structures with a protein coat (capsid), that contain nuclear information (circular/linear, single/double stranded, DNA/RNA).
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| Virion | After hijacking a cell's machinery, a virus will replicate and turn out new copies of itself known as virions, which can be released to infect new cells
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| Bacteriophages | Viruses that specifically target bacteria. Injecting their genetic material inside the cell and leaving the remaining structures outside.
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